Brandt Equation (2002)
... Two major financial crises have already occurred: in Latin America (1981-86) and Southeast Asia (199798). Neither International Monetary Fund bailouts nor guarantees from private investors are likely to stem another major financial meltdown—due to massive increases in global debt and in speculative ...
... Two major financial crises have already occurred: in Latin America (1981-86) and Southeast Asia (199798). Neither International Monetary Fund bailouts nor guarantees from private investors are likely to stem another major financial meltdown—due to massive increases in global debt and in speculative ...
duty free quota free market access
... products originating from all LDCs by 2008 or no later than the start of the implementation period in a manner that ensures stability, security and predictability. (ii) Members facing difficulties at this time to provide market access as set out above shall provide duty-free and quota-free market ac ...
... products originating from all LDCs by 2008 or no later than the start of the implementation period in a manner that ensures stability, security and predictability. (ii) Members facing difficulties at this time to provide market access as set out above shall provide duty-free and quota-free market ac ...
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... to the how their future national political climate will influence costs and benefits of trade agreements. This difference in expected political state of the world influences each country's willingness to enter into trade agreements.2 As mentioned above, many countries are considering labeling requir ...
... to the how their future national political climate will influence costs and benefits of trade agreements. This difference in expected political state of the world influences each country's willingness to enter into trade agreements.2 As mentioned above, many countries are considering labeling requir ...
The economic consequences of independence in Latin America
... only after 1860 did a lagged effect become apparent. Independence brought a redirection of trade from Iberia to northern Europe and the United States, but the volume of Latin American trade did not change significantly. Independence did not make Latin America into a major primary product exporter or ...
... only after 1860 did a lagged effect become apparent. Independence brought a redirection of trade from Iberia to northern Europe and the United States, but the volume of Latin American trade did not change significantly. Independence did not make Latin America into a major primary product exporter or ...
PDF - Center For Global Development
... attention, and the year 2016 is likely to see the largest fall in the aggregate product since 1981 and a fiscal crisis of herculean proportions haunts the country, all in the context of a political crisis that has led Congress to impeach the President for the second time in Brazilian history. The co ...
... attention, and the year 2016 is likely to see the largest fall in the aggregate product since 1981 and a fiscal crisis of herculean proportions haunts the country, all in the context of a political crisis that has led Congress to impeach the President for the second time in Brazilian history. The co ...
krugman_PPT_c11
... • A policy that could be agreeable for governments of low and middle income countries is a system that monitors wages and working conditions and makes this information available to consumers. Products could be certified as made with acceptable wage rates and working conditions. But this policy w ...
... • A policy that could be agreeable for governments of low and middle income countries is a system that monitors wages and working conditions and makes this information available to consumers. Products could be certified as made with acceptable wage rates and working conditions. But this policy w ...
Chapter 3
... • Because labor productivity is constant, define a unit labor requirement as the constant number of hours of labor required to produce one unit of output. aLW is the unit labor requirement for wine in the domestic country. For example, if aLW = 2, then it takes 2 hours of labor to produce one lite ...
... • Because labor productivity is constant, define a unit labor requirement as the constant number of hours of labor required to produce one unit of output. aLW is the unit labor requirement for wine in the domestic country. For example, if aLW = 2, then it takes 2 hours of labor to produce one lite ...
Causality between Capital Flow, Human Capital
... more investment leads to increased capital accumulation, which generates economic growth. Unfortunately less developed countries do not have sufficient incomes to enable sufficient rates of saving; therefore, accumulation of physical-capital stock through investment is low. While Robert Solow and Tr ...
... more investment leads to increased capital accumulation, which generates economic growth. Unfortunately less developed countries do not have sufficient incomes to enable sufficient rates of saving; therefore, accumulation of physical-capital stock through investment is low. While Robert Solow and Tr ...
The Rise of Offshoring: It's Not Wine for Cloth Anymore
... Some of this increased labor demand falls on local workers, who perform tasks that cannot easily be moved offshore. This is quite similar to the process generated by technological progress that improves the productivity of a certain type of worker. Although fewer of these workers are needed to produc ...
... Some of this increased labor demand falls on local workers, who perform tasks that cannot easily be moved offshore. This is quite similar to the process generated by technological progress that improves the productivity of a certain type of worker. Although fewer of these workers are needed to produc ...
the economic consequences of independence in latin america
... only after 1860 did a lagged effect become apparent. Independence brought a redirection of trade from Iberia to northern Europe and the United States, but the volume of Latin American trade did not change significantly. Independence did not make Latin America into a major primary product exporter or ...
... only after 1860 did a lagged effect become apparent. Independence brought a redirection of trade from Iberia to northern Europe and the United States, but the volume of Latin American trade did not change significantly. Independence did not make Latin America into a major primary product exporter or ...
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... normally distorts the optimal time path of extraction, but an appropriately set rent tax leaves the optimal time path unaffected. Such a rent tax can, in principle, tax away all pure profits from the resource owners Žcf. e.g., Dasgupta and Heal, 1979, or Sinn, 1982.. Independently of the effect of t ...
... normally distorts the optimal time path of extraction, but an appropriately set rent tax leaves the optimal time path unaffected. Such a rent tax can, in principle, tax away all pure profits from the resource owners Žcf. e.g., Dasgupta and Heal, 1979, or Sinn, 1982.. Independently of the effect of t ...
Trade, value chains and food security
... realize economic growth through expanding and diversifying their agricultural exports (Aksoy and Beghin, 2005; Anderson and Martin, 2005). GVCs play a crucial role in productivity growth and food security through direct and indirect effects. The development of high-value agrifood chains can be an im ...
... realize economic growth through expanding and diversifying their agricultural exports (Aksoy and Beghin, 2005; Anderson and Martin, 2005). GVCs play a crucial role in productivity growth and food security through direct and indirect effects. The development of high-value agrifood chains can be an im ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES EXCHANGE CONTROLS, CAPITAL CONTROLS, AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS
... at the lIES, Stockholm, the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, and Princeton. Stockman gratefully acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation. The research reported here is part of the NBER's research program in International Studies and project in Productivity and Indust-ial Change in ...
... at the lIES, Stockholm, the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, and Princeton. Stockman gratefully acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation. The research reported here is part of the NBER's research program in International Studies and project in Productivity and Indust-ial Change in ...
Technical Change and Factor Shares
... panel, technical change was strongly biased against less-skilled workers and in favor of both physical and human capital. If research and development is conducted largely by industries in developed countries for the benefit of those same industries, it will tend to favor technical advances that incr ...
... panel, technical change was strongly biased against less-skilled workers and in favor of both physical and human capital. If research and development is conducted largely by industries in developed countries for the benefit of those same industries, it will tend to favor technical advances that incr ...
Channels and Determinants for International Technology
... Economic literature analyzes the impact of public policies (especially trade policies) on technology diffusion. The reference model without diffusion is the framework of Spencer and Brander (1983) that analyzes the positive effect of a R&D subsidy on domestic R&D investment and national welfare in ...
... Economic literature analyzes the impact of public policies (especially trade policies) on technology diffusion. The reference model without diffusion is the framework of Spencer and Brander (1983) that analyzes the positive effect of a R&D subsidy on domestic R&D investment and national welfare in ...
Import Substitution and Industrialization in Latin
... to promoteboth final consumergoods industriesand intermediateand capitalgoods sectors. In some cases,where the initial thrustof ISI was on final consumergoods industries, a built-in resistanceto backwardverticalintegrationdeveloped.'6That is, firms which establishedthemselvesin the first ISI period ...
... to promoteboth final consumergoods industriesand intermediateand capitalgoods sectors. In some cases,where the initial thrustof ISI was on final consumergoods industries, a built-in resistanceto backwardverticalintegrationdeveloped.'6That is, firms which establishedthemselvesin the first ISI period ...
Long term socio-economic scenarios for Representative
... and productivity growth were estimated; and these relations were used to project GDP. Supply is modeled as a CES production function of energy and a Cobb-Douglas bundle of capital and labor. We recover energy-specific productivity from the profit-maximization program of the representative firm, whil ...
... and productivity growth were estimated; and these relations were used to project GDP. Supply is modeled as a CES production function of energy and a Cobb-Douglas bundle of capital and labor. We recover energy-specific productivity from the profit-maximization program of the representative firm, whil ...
GROWTH IN THE
... only Rb. Consequently, one can view Xb as the key variable in determining the smooth functioning of the international credit market. A larger Xb is associated with a world system that allows greater capital flows from developing to developed countries. ...
... only Rb. Consequently, one can view Xb as the key variable in determining the smooth functioning of the international credit market. A larger Xb is associated with a world system that allows greater capital flows from developing to developed countries. ...
Power, International Trade Law, and State Transformation
... barrier to trade, with effects similar to tariffs, quotas, or denial of national treatment. Such arguments have frequently been leveled at the Japanese keiretsu and the Korean chaebol systems (Tyson 1992). The Havana Charter included express provisions against "restrictive business practices," and w ...
... barrier to trade, with effects similar to tariffs, quotas, or denial of national treatment. Such arguments have frequently been leveled at the Japanese keiretsu and the Korean chaebol systems (Tyson 1992). The Havana Charter included express provisions against "restrictive business practices," and w ...
HOW DO ECONOMIC FREEDOM AND
... While this issue remains of general interest in the context of growth theory, it partakes of particular significance in the context of understanding why institutions (and policies, broadly conceived), including freedom variables, drive TFP: Increases in TFP result from new processes, new modes of or ...
... While this issue remains of general interest in the context of growth theory, it partakes of particular significance in the context of understanding why institutions (and policies, broadly conceived), including freedom variables, drive TFP: Increases in TFP result from new processes, new modes of or ...
The Philippines and Regional Development: Overview
... and political crises may trigger major (and sometimes hasty) decentralization programs, especially when authoritarian, centralized regimes crumble. Within the past two decades, for example, Indonesia, the Philippines and Russia have all experienced deep economic crises and far-reaching institutional ...
... and political crises may trigger major (and sometimes hasty) decentralization programs, especially when authoritarian, centralized regimes crumble. Within the past two decades, for example, Indonesia, the Philippines and Russia have all experienced deep economic crises and far-reaching institutional ...
North–South trade and directed technical change
... Moreover, the paper shows that integration of product markets with countries where intellectual property rights are weakly protected may lower the incentives to innovate and economic growth, even if the market for technology remains unchanged. To obtain these results, the paper builds a Ricardian mo ...
... Moreover, the paper shows that integration of product markets with countries where intellectual property rights are weakly protected may lower the incentives to innovate and economic growth, even if the market for technology remains unchanged. To obtain these results, the paper builds a Ricardian mo ...
T GLOBALISATION: TRANSFORMING POLICIES AND THE ROLE OF THE STATES ABSTRACT
... freely with one another, without import tariffs or other measures to protect a domestic market, the world economy grows and every one benefits (WTO 1999:18). Many developing states will not be able to reach that peak of productivity so as to qualify for such luxurious global trade privilege This und ...
... freely with one another, without import tariffs or other measures to protect a domestic market, the world economy grows and every one benefits (WTO 1999:18). Many developing states will not be able to reach that peak of productivity so as to qualify for such luxurious global trade privilege This und ...
Brain Drain in Globalization: A General Equilibrium Analysis from
... Is brain drain a curse or a boon for the sending countries? In the survey by Commander et al. (2004), while different forces at work are discussed and several possible positive and negative effects of skilled emigration are reviewed, they conclude by suggesting that “much more research is needed to ...
... Is brain drain a curse or a boon for the sending countries? In the survey by Commander et al. (2004), while different forces at work are discussed and several possible positive and negative effects of skilled emigration are reviewed, they conclude by suggesting that “much more research is needed to ...