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Cellular-synaptic generation of EEG activity
... Ca2+ ions, flow inwardly at an excitatory synapse (i. e., from the activated postsynaptic site to the other parts of the cell) and outwardly away from it. Such an outward current is referred to as a passive return current from the intracellular milieu to the extracellular space. Inhibitory loop curr ...
... Ca2+ ions, flow inwardly at an excitatory synapse (i. e., from the activated postsynaptic site to the other parts of the cell) and outwardly away from it. Such an outward current is referred to as a passive return current from the intracellular milieu to the extracellular space. Inhibitory loop curr ...
5 Action Potential.key
... include many other types of voltage-gated ion channels • Voltage-gated ion channels do not only mediate the action potential. They also influence the pattern of action potentials. • Different neurons express different sets of voltageregulated ion channels – Therefore, different neurons have differen ...
... include many other types of voltage-gated ion channels • Voltage-gated ion channels do not only mediate the action potential. They also influence the pattern of action potentials. • Different neurons express different sets of voltageregulated ion channels – Therefore, different neurons have differen ...
... The myelin sheath is a layer of fatty material which greatly increases the speed of transmission of a nerve impulse. 5. Explain the relationship between myelination, coordination and development from birth. Myelination is not complete at birth. Therefore coordination and dveopement will improve as t ...
Leap 2 - Teacher - Teacher Enrichment Initiatives
... (inhibitory). These chemical compounds exist in a delicate balance (equilibrium). The type of neurotransmitter activated, either inhibitory or excitatory, is dependent on the activity and the part of the brain involved. Physical activity, for example, causes release of neurotransmitters called endor ...
... (inhibitory). These chemical compounds exist in a delicate balance (equilibrium). The type of neurotransmitter activated, either inhibitory or excitatory, is dependent on the activity and the part of the brain involved. Physical activity, for example, causes release of neurotransmitters called endor ...
The Neurally Controlled Animat: Biological Brains Acting
... movement resulted in feedback to one of the five assigned channels: either collision detection (one channel), or kinesthetic, (four channels, based on the four possible movements). Hence, each movement resulted in rapid feedback and that feedback could potentially change the activity of the network, ...
... movement resulted in feedback to one of the five assigned channels: either collision detection (one channel), or kinesthetic, (four channels, based on the four possible movements). Hence, each movement resulted in rapid feedback and that feedback could potentially change the activity of the network, ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
... 37. (Page 12.) Glutamate is the most common and most potent excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate acts directly on ion channels that permit passage of both _______ and _______, producing fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials. a. sodium, potassium b. chloride 38. (Pag ...
... 37. (Page 12.) Glutamate is the most common and most potent excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate acts directly on ion channels that permit passage of both _______ and _______, producing fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials. a. sodium, potassium b. chloride 38. (Pag ...
Electrical Communication #2
... Calcium influx causes the vesicles full of neurotransmitter to dock with the presynaptic membrane and then fuse with it, causing exocytosis of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. ...
... Calcium influx causes the vesicles full of neurotransmitter to dock with the presynaptic membrane and then fuse with it, causing exocytosis of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. ...
Hearing Part 2
... • Also referred to as belt areas • Involved in understanding speech, ie recognizing temporal organization of sound • Wernicke’s area in secondary cortex when damaged patients cannot understand speech because the sounds are all out of order ...
... • Also referred to as belt areas • Involved in understanding speech, ie recognizing temporal organization of sound • Wernicke’s area in secondary cortex when damaged patients cannot understand speech because the sounds are all out of order ...
PAPER Glucosensing neurons do more than just sense glucose
... brain areas such as the hypothalamus, glucosensing neurons also contain receptors for insulin, leptin, monoamines and other transmitters and peptides involved in energy homeostasis.8 – 12 Thus, many or all glucosensing neurons respond to both short- and long-term signals relating to both the physica ...
... brain areas such as the hypothalamus, glucosensing neurons also contain receptors for insulin, leptin, monoamines and other transmitters and peptides involved in energy homeostasis.8 – 12 Thus, many or all glucosensing neurons respond to both short- and long-term signals relating to both the physica ...
Remembering or Forgetting: The Lifetime of Memories
... sound, before receiving food. This is because the dogs learned the association between the clicking sound and the meat, even though these two things were previously unrelated for them. This form of learning by association exists in most animals (including honey bees, sea slugs, and mice) and of cour ...
... sound, before receiving food. This is because the dogs learned the association between the clicking sound and the meat, even though these two things were previously unrelated for them. This form of learning by association exists in most animals (including honey bees, sea slugs, and mice) and of cour ...
1. In which of the following fluids is the pH highest (most alkaline
... low PaCO2 due to the hyperventilation. 7. C. The low pH indicates acidosis. The low bicarbonate indicates metabolic acidosis. The high PaCO2indicates respiratory acidosis. Presumably, the narcotic overdose depressed the patient's respiratory center in the brain, reducing ventilation. The reduction o ...
... low PaCO2 due to the hyperventilation. 7. C. The low pH indicates acidosis. The low bicarbonate indicates metabolic acidosis. The high PaCO2indicates respiratory acidosis. Presumably, the narcotic overdose depressed the patient's respiratory center in the brain, reducing ventilation. The reduction o ...
NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
... in several forms of synaptic regulation. Acting via cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), they prevent communicaton between postsynaptic target cell and its presynaptic input. Endocannabinoids are retrograde signals that are released from postsynaptic neuron in response to depolarization and elevated ...
... in several forms of synaptic regulation. Acting via cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), they prevent communicaton between postsynaptic target cell and its presynaptic input. Endocannabinoids are retrograde signals that are released from postsynaptic neuron in response to depolarization and elevated ...
Copy of the full paper
... Thalamic neurons are endowed with complex intrinsic firing properties, such as rebound bursts, and they interact through many synaptic receptor types to generate oscillatory behaviour47. Thalamic circuits are also subject to neuromodulatory influences46. Acetylcholine, norepinephrine or serotonin af ...
... Thalamic neurons are endowed with complex intrinsic firing properties, such as rebound bursts, and they interact through many synaptic receptor types to generate oscillatory behaviour47. Thalamic circuits are also subject to neuromodulatory influences46. Acetylcholine, norepinephrine or serotonin af ...
Do neurons generate monopolar current sources?
... (Pascual-Marqui et al. 2002; http://www.uzh.ch/keyinst/loreta. htm) and/or from magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings. These estimates are of course entirely dependent on the standard dipole model. In their study, Riera et al. (2012), investigated the validity of this model in several ways. They ...
... (Pascual-Marqui et al. 2002; http://www.uzh.ch/keyinst/loreta. htm) and/or from magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings. These estimates are of course entirely dependent on the standard dipole model. In their study, Riera et al. (2012), investigated the validity of this model in several ways. They ...
Shedding Light on the Role of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine in
... that could be tested using a longer reinstatement phase. In a separate set of experiments, Adamantidis et al. (2011) investigated the ability of optical stimulation of VTA DA neurons to support instrumental responding in the absence of food reward using a procedure similar to electrical intracranial ...
... that could be tested using a longer reinstatement phase. In a separate set of experiments, Adamantidis et al. (2011) investigated the ability of optical stimulation of VTA DA neurons to support instrumental responding in the absence of food reward using a procedure similar to electrical intracranial ...
The Signal - WM Keck Center for Behavioral Biology
... that act similar to snake toxins that block acetylcholine receptors as well as toxins that act like tetrodotoxin on voltage gated sodium channels. Thus, when you get stung by a cone snail, it is as if “you are bitten by a snake while consuming a puffer fish.” The venom from a single Conus species co ...
... that act similar to snake toxins that block acetylcholine receptors as well as toxins that act like tetrodotoxin on voltage gated sodium channels. Thus, when you get stung by a cone snail, it is as if “you are bitten by a snake while consuming a puffer fish.” The venom from a single Conus species co ...
A"computational"approach"towards"the"ontogeny"of" mirror"neurons
... Gazzola (2014). This involves the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate activity in the premotor cortex (PM) and the superior temporal sulcus (STS). The PM coordinates self-performed actions, whereas the STS is a region known to respond to the sight of body movements and the sound of ...
... Gazzola (2014). This involves the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate activity in the premotor cortex (PM) and the superior temporal sulcus (STS). The PM coordinates self-performed actions, whereas the STS is a region known to respond to the sight of body movements and the sound of ...
Practice Quiz - Kingsborough Community College
... a. mimics acetylcholine and increases synaptic transmission b. destroys acetylcholine and paralyzes the muscles c. mimics cholinesterase and increases acetylcholine destruction d. destroys cholinesterase which allows acetylcholine to work at synapses without let-up 35. One might save oneself from a ...
... a. mimics acetylcholine and increases synaptic transmission b. destroys acetylcholine and paralyzes the muscles c. mimics cholinesterase and increases acetylcholine destruction d. destroys cholinesterase which allows acetylcholine to work at synapses without let-up 35. One might save oneself from a ...
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of
... generated by a Ca++ current known as the transient current (T-current). Like the Na+ current underlying action-potential generation, the T-current inactivates with depolarization; therefore, steady depolarization of the cell results in complete inactivation of this current and a loss of these slow s ...
... generated by a Ca++ current known as the transient current (T-current). Like the Na+ current underlying action-potential generation, the T-current inactivates with depolarization; therefore, steady depolarization of the cell results in complete inactivation of this current and a loss of these slow s ...
T A BOLD window into brain waves
... of the time, even in sleep (1), although occasionally they fire more intensely, for example, when presented with certain stimuli. Coordinated changes in the activity and excitability of many neurons underlie spontaneous fluctuations in the electroencephalogram (EEG), first observed almost a century ...
... of the time, even in sleep (1), although occasionally they fire more intensely, for example, when presented with certain stimuli. Coordinated changes in the activity and excitability of many neurons underlie spontaneous fluctuations in the electroencephalogram (EEG), first observed almost a century ...
Unit 3D Worksheet 1) In the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS
... parasympathetic ____ganglionic axons but also a few ____________sensory__________.3D 3 13) The Visceral Reflexes are the same components as the ______________reflexes but are always ___________________pathways, in which ________________fibers are found in the ____________cord and ______________nerve ...
... parasympathetic ____ganglionic axons but also a few ____________sensory__________.3D 3 13) The Visceral Reflexes are the same components as the ______________reflexes but are always ___________________pathways, in which ________________fibers are found in the ____________cord and ______________nerve ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.