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Notes on the sheet entitled “Some Additional Review” 1. Morphology
Notes on the sheet entitled “Some Additional Review” 1. Morphology

... themselves real English nouns. What one MIGHT notice, however, is that hydr- and salin- can be found in other English words related to water and salt, respectively: hydroplane, hydrophilic, hydrogen; saline (solution), salinic … So hydr- and salin- carry consistent meaning but can’t stand alone. You ...
Semi-Supervised Approach to Named Entity Recognition in Spanish
Semi-Supervised Approach to Named Entity Recognition in Spanish

... taggers [5]. Unfortunately, all these models rely on access to large quantities (in the scale of billions) of labeled examples, which normally are difficult to acquire, specially for the Spanish language. Furthermore, when considering real-world conversations, perfect grammar cannot be expected from ...
Sixth Sense: Practice with linking verbs and
Sixth Sense: Practice with linking verbs and

... is it? What does it smell like? What does it feel like? Possible responses: It is yellow. It is long. It smells good. It smells sweet. It feels smooth. If students do not respond in full sentences, restate their ideas using an appropriate linking verb. Repeat the process with a new object with diffe ...
Part-of-Speech Tagging with Hidden Markov Models
Part-of-Speech Tagging with Hidden Markov Models

... Part-of-speech tagging is the process of labeling each word in a text with the appropriate part-of-speech. The input to a tagger is a string of words and the desired tagset. Part-of-speech information is very important for a number of tasks in natural language processing: Parsing is the task of dete ...
English Language Arts Vocabulary and Strategies
English Language Arts Vocabulary and Strategies

... nonrestrictive/parenthetical element - a word, phrase, or clause in a sentence that provides additional information but is not needed or does not limit the element modified noun - (one of the eight parts of speech) a word that identifies a person, place, thing, or idea nuance - a subtle difference o ...
Section 4 Tutorial 2
Section 4 Tutorial 2

... and butter with his spaghetti. ...
Programming and Problem Solving with Java: Chapter 14
Programming and Problem Solving with Java: Chapter 14

... Indeed – one of the early goals of AI. Translating entire sentences from one human language to another is extremely difficult to automate. Ambiguities in one language may not be ambiguous in another (e.g. “bat”). Syntax and semantics are usually not enough – world knowledge is also needed. Machine t ...
Glossary
Glossary

... Counterargument: argument against a position Credible: information that is believable Critique: an assessment of what was read that includes your opinion Diagram: parts of something shown in an illustration Expert Opinion: judgment by someone with knowledge in a specific field Expository Text: writi ...
THE MAGIC OF VOCABULARY
THE MAGIC OF VOCABULARY

... Students often complain of not knowing the words in a text. This is not surprising, given the sheer number of items in the language. ...
Parts of speech (updated)
Parts of speech (updated)

... Vickie Oscar Viridiana Daniel ...
Detecting Inflection Patterns in Natural Language by Minimization of
Detecting Inflection Patterns in Natural Language by Minimization of

... strings from V. From them, we remove all those elements that occur only once. Indeed, a decomposition of a w ∈ V into w = s + e, where either s or e occurs only once, can be substituted by a decomposition w = w + λ, where λ is an empty ending, without changing |S| + |E|. Note that when an element is ...
A New Measure for Extracting Semantically Related Words
A New Measure for Extracting Semantically Related Words

... If a good corpus with high generality could be obtained, the co-occurrence statistics collected from the corpus could be very good and reflect accurately the tendency of semantic association among words. But there are several innate drawbacks to these GC based approaches. Firstly, generality is ofte ...
Linguistic Glossary
Linguistic Glossary

... A language used by speakers to communicate when they have no common language. May develop into a pidgin. English is often used as the lingua franca around the world. Bazar Malay was the lingua franca for the lugger crews and Nyangumarta was the lingua franca used between Aboriginal people before 196 ...
Stems, Prefixes and Suffixes
Stems, Prefixes and Suffixes

... The following document will help you learn about stems, prefixes and suffixes. If you don’t have a good internet connection, you can download the PDF to this document here and make use of the lesson offline. ...
The California Language Arts Content Standards
The California Language Arts Content Standards

... narration, persuasion, and description. (each defined in this document) genre, literary – kind or type of literature; literary classification; eg: science fiction novel hero – character, usually the protagonist, who rises above and conquers a series of problems and events in the story high frequency ...
view
view

... The availability of semantically tagged corpora is becoming a very important and urgent need for training and evaluation within a large number of applications but also they are the natural application and accompaniment of semantic lexicons of which they constitute both a useful testbed to evaluate t ...
Paraphrasing - University of Canterbury
Paraphrasing - University of Canterbury

... Paraphrasing means changing someone else’s sentences into your own words. This is a very useful academic skill, which is necessary whenever you are writing a researched essay or report. You may quote sources directly, but it is not a good idea to rely too heavily on other people’s words. It looks as ...
Grammar for Life - Hillsdale Public Schools
Grammar for Life - Hillsdale Public Schools

... your writing to keep it clear and effective. ...
Reminders for Writing Essays on the AP Exam (AP
Reminders for Writing Essays on the AP Exam (AP

... • Use the apostrophe correctly. Missing or unnecessary apostrophes are the most common mechanical errors. They are annoying errors because the reader often has to back up and start the sentence again. • Underline titles of novels; use quotation marks around titles of poems, plays, and short stories. ...
Nature of words - School of Computer Science
Nature of words - School of Computer Science

... • In language study, differences of meaning or sound or spelling sometimes are, and sometimes aren’t, taken to indicate different words. – “Present”[noun:=gift] and “present”[verb as in: present a proposal] are typically regarded as different words though spelled the same. (Same spelling, different ...
Well come
Well come

... In the first sentence preposition from is used before the word school which is a noun. Same way preposition is used in other two sentences. The word ‘preposition’ ...
Phonology
Phonology

... Spanish: r, rr flap tongue against back teeth (trill, roll) Neither Spanish “r” is like English Glides: “semivowels” very little constriction of air flow, like vowels y ...
nature of words - Computer Science
nature of words - Computer Science

... • In language study, differences of meaning or sound or spelling sometimes are, and sometimes aren’t, taken to indicate different words. – “Present”[noun:=gift] and “present”[verb as in: present a proposal] are typically regarded as different words though spelled the same. (Same spelling, different ...
canterbury ll - University of Canterbury
canterbury ll - University of Canterbury

... Paraphrasing means changing someone else’s sentences into your own words. This is a very useful academic skill, which is necessary whenever you are writing a researched essay or report. You may quote sources directly, but it is not a good idea to rely too heavily on other people’s words. It looks as ...
word
word

...  However, in NLP, words can be classified in much different ways, such as:  in ENGTWOL (Constraint English Grammar): adjective, abbreviation, adverb coordinating conjunction(and), subordinating conjunction(that), determiner, infinitive marker(to), interjection, noun, negative particle(not), numera ...
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Word-sense disambiguation

In computational linguistics, word-sense disambiguation (WSD) is an open problem of natural language processing and ontology. WSD is identifying which sense of a word (i.e. meaning) is used in a sentence, when the word has multiple meanings. The solution to this problem impacts other computer-related writing, such as discourse, improving relevance of search engines, anaphora resolution, coherence, inference et cetera.The human brain is quite proficient at word-sense disambiguation. The fact that natural language is formed in a way that requires so much of it is a reflection of that neurologic reality. In other words, human language developed in a way that reflects (and also has helped to shape) the innate ability provided by the brain's neural networks. In computer science and the information technology that it enables, it has been a long-term challenge to develop the ability in computers to do natural language processing and machine learning.To date, a rich variety of techniques have been researched, from dictionary-based methods that use the knowledge encoded in lexical resources, to supervised machine learning methods in which a classifier is trained for each distinct word on a corpus of manually sense-annotated examples, to completely unsupervised methods that cluster occurrences of words, thereby inducing word senses. Among these, supervised learning approaches have been the most successful algorithms to date.Current accuracy is difficult to state without a host of caveats. In English, accuracy at the coarse-grained (homograph) level is routinely above 90%, with some methods on particular homographs achieving over 96%. On finer-grained sense distinctions, top accuracies from 59.1% to 69.0% have been reported in recent evaluation exercises (SemEval-2007, Senseval-2), where the baseline accuracy of the simplest possible algorithm of always choosing the most frequent sense was 51.4% and 57%, respectively.
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