van Gelderen 2009
... If the complementiser that in (8) is in the Force head, the topic is below it. However, sentences with whether as complementiser preceding or following a topic, as in the made-up (9), are judged very marked by native speakers (and a Google search did not find any): (9) a. ?I wonder whether those book ...
... If the complementiser that in (8) is in the Force head, the topic is below it. However, sentences with whether as complementiser preceding or following a topic, as in the made-up (9), are judged very marked by native speakers (and a Google search did not find any): (9) a. ?I wonder whether those book ...
23 Pronouns Chapter Learning goaLs
... Directions: Read the following sentences and underline the correct subject in each. 1. Enrique and (I, me) will bring the food for the party. 2. Maddie and (she, her) volunteered to donate at the blood drive. 3. Why don’t you and (me, I) walk through campus? 4. The guys and (us, we) were ...
... Directions: Read the following sentences and underline the correct subject in each. 1. Enrique and (I, me) will bring the food for the party. 2. Maddie and (she, her) volunteered to donate at the blood drive. 3. Why don’t you and (me, I) walk through campus? 4. The guys and (us, we) were ...
1 Stress and the Development of Disyllabic Words in Chinese San
... Li and Thompson (1981:14), “The threat of too many homophonous syllables has forced the (Chinese) language to increase dramatically the proportion of polysyllabic words, principally by means of the compounding process...” The loss of syllabic contrast in modern Chinese is quite dramatic. For example ...
... Li and Thompson (1981:14), “The threat of too many homophonous syllables has forced the (Chinese) language to increase dramatically the proportion of polysyllabic words, principally by means of the compounding process...” The loss of syllabic contrast in modern Chinese is quite dramatic. For example ...
English Co-reference Guidelines
... One exception to the rules of generic mentions occurs when a news anchor offers a brief overview, similar to a headline, before discussing the details of a story. This often results in two sequential generic mentions of the entities involved: once in the introduction and once in the story itself. In ...
... One exception to the rules of generic mentions occurs when a news anchor offers a brief overview, similar to a headline, before discussing the details of a story. This often results in two sequential generic mentions of the entities involved: once in the introduction and once in the story itself. In ...
2004 Larson, R.K. and F. Marusic. Indefinite pronoun structures with
... The general N-movement analysis establishes an attractive connection between the special DⳭN form of indefinite pronouns and the obligatory postnominal position of adjectives occurring with them. It does so by claiming that the latter is actually an illusion: postnominal adjectives with indefinite p ...
... The general N-movement analysis establishes an attractive connection between the special DⳭN form of indefinite pronouns and the obligatory postnominal position of adjectives occurring with them. It does so by claiming that the latter is actually an illusion: postnominal adjectives with indefinite p ...
Clitics in Word Grammar
... To put this discussion into historical perspective, in 1984 the only linguistic units that I recognised were Word and Phoneme - I explicitly denied the need for Morpheme (Hudson 1984:55). However I did accept the need for Morpheme in 1990 (Hudson 1990:85), and I still think this is correct. This mea ...
... To put this discussion into historical perspective, in 1984 the only linguistic units that I recognised were Word and Phoneme - I explicitly denied the need for Morpheme (Hudson 1984:55). However I did accept the need for Morpheme in 1990 (Hudson 1990:85), and I still think this is correct. This mea ...
Explaining the (A)telicity Property of English Verb Phrases
... The semantics of perfectivity, but not the semantics of imperfectivity, is related to the property of telicity. Garey (1957), who coined the term “telic” (derived from the Greek word télos, meaning “goal” or “purpose”) defined telic verbs as “…the category of verbs expressing an action tending towar ...
... The semantics of perfectivity, but not the semantics of imperfectivity, is related to the property of telicity. Garey (1957), who coined the term “telic” (derived from the Greek word télos, meaning “goal” or “purpose”) defined telic verbs as “…the category of verbs expressing an action tending towar ...
Verbs Llevar and Tener - Departament de Filologia Catalana
... llevar admits incorporation of the dynamic preposition, provided this does not have phonological content. One of the most intriguing properties of this use of llevar, which is not displayed by the one analyzed in (21), is its impossibility to appear in sentences in past tense and perfect aspect, lik ...
... llevar admits incorporation of the dynamic preposition, provided this does not have phonological content. One of the most intriguing properties of this use of llevar, which is not displayed by the one analyzed in (21), is its impossibility to appear in sentences in past tense and perfect aspect, lik ...
Grammar Essentials 3rd Edition
... 2a. It was agreed upon by the editorial department that Maria would lead all meetings with the design team for the purpose of avoiding a “too many cooks spoil the broth” situation. 2b. In order to avoid confusion, the editorial department delegated Maria to lead all meetings with the design team. 3a ...
... 2a. It was agreed upon by the editorial department that Maria would lead all meetings with the design team for the purpose of avoiding a “too many cooks spoil the broth” situation. 2b. In order to avoid confusion, the editorial department delegated Maria to lead all meetings with the design team. 3a ...
Clinical coreference annnotation guidelines
... is extracted. In this above example, “stone” modifies “protocol”, which in turn modifies “CTscan”, and thus we can only annotate “stone protocol” as a markable. We also would only annotate “stone protocol” as a markable if there are other individual, non-premodifying mentions of “stone protocol” in ...
... is extracted. In this above example, “stone” modifies “protocol”, which in turn modifies “CTscan”, and thus we can only annotate “stone protocol” as a markable. We also would only annotate “stone protocol” as a markable if there are other individual, non-premodifying mentions of “stone protocol” in ...
Activity - alpvols
... significantly, on a student’s ability to use language to communicate effectively and intelligently, The Grammar Teacher’s Activity-a-Day: 180 Ready-to-Use Lessons to Teach Grammar and Usage was created to assist students to learn, exercise, and appreciate the many intriguing aspects of the English l ...
... significantly, on a student’s ability to use language to communicate effectively and intelligently, The Grammar Teacher’s Activity-a-Day: 180 Ready-to-Use Lessons to Teach Grammar and Usage was created to assist students to learn, exercise, and appreciate the many intriguing aspects of the English l ...
The GRAMMAR Teacher`s Activity-a-Day
... significantly, on a student’s ability to use language to communicate effectively and intelligently, The Grammar Teacher’s Activity-a-Day: 180 Ready-to-Use Lessons to Teach Grammar and Usage was created to assist students to learn, exercise, and appreciate the many intriguing aspects of the English l ...
... significantly, on a student’s ability to use language to communicate effectively and intelligently, The Grammar Teacher’s Activity-a-Day: 180 Ready-to-Use Lessons to Teach Grammar and Usage was created to assist students to learn, exercise, and appreciate the many intriguing aspects of the English l ...
This is the author`s final draft, 15 August 2014. The
... meaning arise from this source? What are the motivations and mechanisms involved in this semantic change? Research investigating the stages after the initial emergence of the perfect meaning is much scarcer. Bybee & Dahl (1989: 69) and Bybee et al. (1994: 66) suggest that both perfect constructions ...
... meaning arise from this source? What are the motivations and mechanisms involved in this semantic change? Research investigating the stages after the initial emergence of the perfect meaning is much scarcer. Bybee & Dahl (1989: 69) and Bybee et al. (1994: 66) suggest that both perfect constructions ...
Thematic Proto-Roles and Argument Selection
... labels, not arbitrary or tree-structurally positioned NPs; and this seems to presuppose that there is not more than one Agentive (etc.) NP per clause. (This was modified later; see below.) In order for such systems to work in an account in which the roles Agent, Theme, Goal, etc., are given explicit ...
... labels, not arbitrary or tree-structurally positioned NPs; and this seems to presuppose that there is not more than one Agentive (etc.) NP per clause. (This was modified later; see below.) In order for such systems to work in an account in which the roles Agent, Theme, Goal, etc., are given explicit ...
Morphological word structure in English and Swedish
... into the criteria underlying morphological analysis. The evidence from English and Swedish suggests that necessary and sufficient conditions for word-internal morphological analysis concern the recognizability of head constituents, which include the rightmost members of compounds and head affixes. T ...
... into the criteria underlying morphological analysis. The evidence from English and Swedish suggests that necessary and sufficient conditions for word-internal morphological analysis concern the recognizability of head constituents, which include the rightmost members of compounds and head affixes. T ...
Towards a Standard for the Creation of Lexica
... by attempting to integrate them where needed. We propose that, in future, this EAGLESbased standard could be used in the validation of lexica. In addition, we foresee that the proposal here also function as an aide memoir or checklist for validators in designing their language specific part of the v ...
... by attempting to integrate them where needed. We propose that, in future, this EAGLESbased standard could be used in the validation of lexica. In addition, we foresee that the proposal here also function as an aide memoir or checklist for validators in designing their language specific part of the v ...
Indefinite and definite tenses in Hindi: Morpho
... role of copula only. Other tenses according to him are marked with different aspects i.e. habitual, perfective and progressive. Another peculiar feature of the Hindi tenses is the absence of morphological representation of some of the forms by all the verbs except the verb honā. The simple present, ...
... role of copula only. Other tenses according to him are marked with different aspects i.e. habitual, perfective and progressive. Another peculiar feature of the Hindi tenses is the absence of morphological representation of some of the forms by all the verbs except the verb honā. The simple present, ...
IN GOD WE TRUST
... • Give the award to whomever you prefer. [Objective case: whomever is the object of the verb prefer.] • Give the award to whoever will benefit most. [Subjective case: whoever is the subject of will benefit.] • Whom did you consult? [Objective case: whom is the object of consult.] • Who was the cons ...
... • Give the award to whomever you prefer. [Objective case: whomever is the object of the verb prefer.] • Give the award to whoever will benefit most. [Subjective case: whoever is the subject of will benefit.] • Whom did you consult? [Objective case: whom is the object of consult.] • Who was the cons ...
IndefInIte and defInIte tenses In HIndI: MorpHo
... system in Hindi, will be explained here. 1.1. The Imperfective Participle i.e: likhtā (verb likhnā ‛write’) denotes a frequentative or iterative action, an action which takes place, whenever there is a chance to happen. Shapiro (1989: 54) categorizes it under the habitual aspect and Pořízka (1972: 1 ...
... system in Hindi, will be explained here. 1.1. The Imperfective Participle i.e: likhtā (verb likhnā ‛write’) denotes a frequentative or iterative action, an action which takes place, whenever there is a chance to happen. Shapiro (1989: 54) categorizes it under the habitual aspect and Pořízka (1972: 1 ...
free language album
... The child comes into the primary class with a usable language and it is the teacher’s task to give keys to the child in order that he may use this language to explore the world sensorially. He should be given certain points on to which his consciousness can be focused based on that acquired unconsci ...
... The child comes into the primary class with a usable language and it is the teacher’s task to give keys to the child in order that he may use this language to explore the world sensorially. He should be given certain points on to which his consciousness can be focused based on that acquired unconsci ...
4. Two sample classes encoded: motion verbs and `know verbs`
... The goal of this deliverable is to report on the work carried out within Task 4.1, assigned to WP4. The objectives of this task were i) the definition of the links for verbs; ii) the identification of criteria for verification of such links for each language; iii) the definition of the subsets of ve ...
... The goal of this deliverable is to report on the work carried out within Task 4.1, assigned to WP4. The objectives of this task were i) the definition of the links for verbs; ii) the identification of criteria for verification of such links for each language; iii) the definition of the subsets of ve ...
1 Rise of the Auxiliaries: a case for auxiliary raising vs. affix
... Chomsky 1993; Lasnik 1995b; Roberts 1998; Bjorkman 2011; Rouveret 2012). This paper explores the distribution of non-finite auxiliaries in Standard English, in particular the issue as to whether such auxiliaries raise for inflectional purposes or remain in their base positions and have their inflect ...
... Chomsky 1993; Lasnik 1995b; Roberts 1998; Bjorkman 2011; Rouveret 2012). This paper explores the distribution of non-finite auxiliaries in Standard English, in particular the issue as to whether such auxiliaries raise for inflectional purposes or remain in their base positions and have their inflect ...
Zero Sign (in Morphology - University of Amsterdam
... (within a given language), 2) between impersonal and personal uses of the same verb (Slony sorvali . . . vs. Sorvali . . . ([), and
3) between sentences with impersonal empty non-zero pronouns in some languages and structurally
i ...
... (within a given language), 2) between impersonal and personal uses of the same verb (Slony sorvali . . .
Modal Auxiliary Verbs - KSU Faculty Member websites
... Though one of the formal characteristics of modals is that no –s ending can be used for the third person singular present (no*John cans swim), can and will can be used with a third person singular-s , but in a totally different meaning. For example: He cans tuna. He wills his entire estate to charit ...
... Though one of the formal characteristics of modals is that no –s ending can be used for the third person singular present (no*John cans swim), can and will can be used with a third person singular-s , but in a totally different meaning. For example: He cans tuna. He wills his entire estate to charit ...
Inflection
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case. The inflection of verbs is also called conjugation, and the inflection of nouns, adjectives and pronouns is also called declension.An inflection expresses one or more grammatical categories with a prefix, suffix or infix, or another internal modification such as a vowel change. For example, the Latin verb ducam, meaning ""I will lead"", includes the suffix -am, expressing person (first), number (singular), and tense (future). The use of this suffix is an inflection. In contrast, in the English clause ""I will lead"", the word lead is not inflected for any of person, number, or tense; it is simply the bare form of a verb.The inflected form of a word often contains both a free morpheme (a unit of meaning which can stand by itself as a word), and a bound morpheme (a unit of meaning which cannot stand alone as a word). For example, the English word cars is a noun that is inflected for number, specifically to express the plural; the content morpheme car is unbound because it could stand alone as a word, while the suffix -s is bound because it cannot stand alone as a word. These two morphemes together form the inflected word cars.Words that are never subject to inflection are said to be invariant; for example, the English verb must is an invariant item: it never takes a suffix or changes form to signify a different grammatical category. Its categories can be determined only from its context.Requiring the inflections of more than one word in a sentence to be compatible according to the rules of the language is known as concord or agreement. For example, in ""the choir sings"", ""choir"" is a singular noun, so ""sing"" is constrained in the present tense to use the third person singular suffix ""s"".Languages that have some degree of inflection are synthetic languages. These can be highly inflected, such as Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, or weakly inflected, such as English. Languages that are so inflected that a sentence can consist of a single highly inflected word (such as many American Indian languages) are called polysynthetic languages. Languages in which each inflection conveys only a single grammatical category, such as Finnish, are known as agglutinative languages, while languages in which a single inflection can convey multiple grammatical roles (such as both nominative case and plural, as in Latin and German) are called fusional. Languages such as Mandarin Chinese that never use inflections are called analytic or isolating.