Lectures 32-33 - U of L Class Index
... properties of a pair of enantiomers are identical unless they are in a chiral environment (such as any biological system). Your hands are chiral and can be used as an analogy for enantiomers - left and right hands are mirror images that cannot be superimposed. If you have a right-hand glove, it will ...
... properties of a pair of enantiomers are identical unless they are in a chiral environment (such as any biological system). Your hands are chiral and can be used as an analogy for enantiomers - left and right hands are mirror images that cannot be superimposed. If you have a right-hand glove, it will ...
Organic Chemistry I (CHEM 2010 and 2012)
... their physical and chemical properties, nomenclature, stereochemistry, synthesis and reactions. The course also introduces Mass Spectroscopy, Infra-Red Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and UltraViolet Spectroscopy. Basic description of the theories of these spectroscopic techniq ...
... their physical and chemical properties, nomenclature, stereochemistry, synthesis and reactions. The course also introduces Mass Spectroscopy, Infra-Red Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and UltraViolet Spectroscopy. Basic description of the theories of these spectroscopic techniq ...
Chemistry: The Central Science, 12e (Brown et al
... D) Alkanes can be produced by hydrogenating alkenes. E) Alkenes can be polymerized. 8) Which statement about addition reactions between alkenes and HBr is false? A) The addition occurs at the double bond. B) Bromine attacks the alkene carbon atom possessing a partial positive charge. C) A hydrogen a ...
... D) Alkanes can be produced by hydrogenating alkenes. E) Alkenes can be polymerized. 8) Which statement about addition reactions between alkenes and HBr is false? A) The addition occurs at the double bond. B) Bromine attacks the alkene carbon atom possessing a partial positive charge. C) A hydrogen a ...
Compounds and molecules: - Wikispaces
... • Sodium atom becomes positive ion by losing electron and Chlorine atom becomes negative ion by gaining electron. Therefore Na+ and Cl- combine forming ionic bond between them. • Ionic compounds are in the form of network. They don’t conduct electric current in solid state, but on dissolving or melt ...
... • Sodium atom becomes positive ion by losing electron and Chlorine atom becomes negative ion by gaining electron. Therefore Na+ and Cl- combine forming ionic bond between them. • Ionic compounds are in the form of network. They don’t conduct electric current in solid state, but on dissolving or melt ...
A1983PW59500001
... man in Paris. It was he who dug out my paper and suggested to Tejiro Yonezawa and me 1 2 that we apply my method to amino acids. . Only then did the ‘Del Re method’ start its career. A curious one indeed, as I could see when reviewing the method in 1980.~In spite of its simplicity, and in spite of b ...
... man in Paris. It was he who dug out my paper and suggested to Tejiro Yonezawa and me 1 2 that we apply my method to amino acids. . Only then did the ‘Del Re method’ start its career. A curious one indeed, as I could see when reviewing the method in 1980.~In spite of its simplicity, and in spite of b ...
Covalent Bonding - Effingham County Schools
... •As independent particles, most atoms are at relatively high potential energy. •Nature, however, favors arrangements in which potential energy is minimized. •This means that most atoms are less stable existing by themselves than when they are combined. •By bonding with each other, atoms decrease in ...
... •As independent particles, most atoms are at relatively high potential energy. •Nature, however, favors arrangements in which potential energy is minimized. •This means that most atoms are less stable existing by themselves than when they are combined. •By bonding with each other, atoms decrease in ...
reactions of organic compounds
... Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA – DNA – found mostly in nuclei of cells. – Each strand of DNA is a polymer composed of repeating units called nucleotides. – One DNA strand may have more than one million ...
... Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA – DNA – found mostly in nuclei of cells. – Each strand of DNA is a polymer composed of repeating units called nucleotides. – One DNA strand may have more than one million ...
AP Biology Organic Chemistry (Carbon Chemistry)
... An amino group (-NH2) consists of a nitrogen atom attached to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton. Organic compounds with amino groups are amines. The amino group acts as a base because ammonia can pick up a hydrogen ion (H+) from the solution. Amino acids, the building blocks of protei ...
... An amino group (-NH2) consists of a nitrogen atom attached to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton. Organic compounds with amino groups are amines. The amino group acts as a base because ammonia can pick up a hydrogen ion (H+) from the solution. Amino acids, the building blocks of protei ...
Covalent Bonding - Effingham County Schools
... •As independent particles, most atoms are at relatively high potential energy. •Nature, however, favors arrangements in which potential energy is minimized. •This means that most atoms are less stable existing by themselves than when they are combined. •By bonding with each other, atoms decrease in ...
... •As independent particles, most atoms are at relatively high potential energy. •Nature, however, favors arrangements in which potential energy is minimized. •This means that most atoms are less stable existing by themselves than when they are combined. •By bonding with each other, atoms decrease in ...
Drug Design
... • In the cell it exchanges a chloride ion for a water molecule forming a complex ion. • This complex ion binds to the cancer cell DNA preventing it from replicating correctly. The cis-platin form is just the right size to bind to the guanine bases on the DNA. ...
... • In the cell it exchanges a chloride ion for a water molecule forming a complex ion. • This complex ion binds to the cancer cell DNA preventing it from replicating correctly. The cis-platin form is just the right size to bind to the guanine bases on the DNA. ...
Organic Chemistry ppt 2012
... carboxylic acid; recall from biology that amide groups are formed when amino acids condense to form a peptide bonds (See Condensation reaction) - named by changing the carboxylic acid acid reactant ending –oic acid with -amide ...
... carboxylic acid; recall from biology that amide groups are formed when amino acids condense to form a peptide bonds (See Condensation reaction) - named by changing the carboxylic acid acid reactant ending –oic acid with -amide ...
Organic Compounds
... • Fats and Oils are naturally occurring esters of long chain Carboxyillic acid ...
... • Fats and Oils are naturally occurring esters of long chain Carboxyillic acid ...
Chapter 8
... • The four regions of high electron density surrounding the oxygen tend to arrange themselves as far from each other as possible in order to minimize repulsive forces. This results in a tetrahedral geometry in which the H-O-H bond angle would be 109.5°. However, the two lone pairs around the oxygen ...
... • The four regions of high electron density surrounding the oxygen tend to arrange themselves as far from each other as possible in order to minimize repulsive forces. This results in a tetrahedral geometry in which the H-O-H bond angle would be 109.5°. However, the two lone pairs around the oxygen ...
CHEMICAL BONDING
... Occurs when 2 slightly different atoms share electrons unequally to be more stable. The electrons are not completely transferred but an unequal sharing results. We use these symbols to show which atom has a stronger attraction for the electrons. ...
... Occurs when 2 slightly different atoms share electrons unequally to be more stable. The electrons are not completely transferred but an unequal sharing results. We use these symbols to show which atom has a stronger attraction for the electrons. ...
notes and handout
... from the valence electrons (#1 above). Arrange these around the atoms until all of them satisfy the octet rule: Remember, ALL elements EXCEPT hydrogen want eight electrons around them, total. Hydrogen only wants two electrons. Let's do an example: CO2 Note: Each of the numbers below correspond to ...
... from the valence electrons (#1 above). Arrange these around the atoms until all of them satisfy the octet rule: Remember, ALL elements EXCEPT hydrogen want eight electrons around them, total. Hydrogen only wants two electrons. Let's do an example: CO2 Note: Each of the numbers below correspond to ...
Chapter 8
... • The four regions of high electron density surrounding the oxygen tend to arrange themselves as far from each other as possible in order to minimize repulsive forces. This results in a tetrahedral geometry in which the H-O-H bond angle would be 109.5°. However, the two lone pairs around the oxygen ...
... • The four regions of high electron density surrounding the oxygen tend to arrange themselves as far from each other as possible in order to minimize repulsive forces. This results in a tetrahedral geometry in which the H-O-H bond angle would be 109.5°. However, the two lone pairs around the oxygen ...
Slide 1
... • In the cell it exchanges a chloride ion for a water molecule forming a complex ion. • This complex ion binds to the cancer cell DNA preventing it from replicating correctly. The cis-platin form is just the right size to bind to the guanine bases on the DNA. ...
... • In the cell it exchanges a chloride ion for a water molecule forming a complex ion. • This complex ion binds to the cancer cell DNA preventing it from replicating correctly. The cis-platin form is just the right size to bind to the guanine bases on the DNA. ...
tutorial ideas
... Chemists use Infrared Spectroscopy to determine functional groups of unknown substances. Many molecules absorb infrared light, causing the bonds in the molecule to bend and stretch. The IR spectrum of a sample examines to what degree a compound absorbs infrared light of different wavelengths. Where ...
... Chemists use Infrared Spectroscopy to determine functional groups of unknown substances. Many molecules absorb infrared light, causing the bonds in the molecule to bend and stretch. The IR spectrum of a sample examines to what degree a compound absorbs infrared light of different wavelengths. Where ...
Organic Chemistry
... form structures are commonly used. Each vertex represents a carbon atom and it is implied that there are enough H atoms on each vertex to make four bonds ...
... form structures are commonly used. Each vertex represents a carbon atom and it is implied that there are enough H atoms on each vertex to make four bonds ...
Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is formally used to describe an unusually stable nature of some flat rings of atoms. These structures contain a number of double bonds that interact with each other according to certain rules. As a result of their being so stable, such rings tend to form easily, and once formed, tend to be difficult to break in chemical reactions. Since one of the most commonly encountered aromatic system of compounds in organic chemistry is based on derivatives of the prototypical aromatic compound benzene (common in petroleum), the word “aromatic” is occasionally used to refer informally to benzene derivatives, and this is how it was first defined. Nevertheless, many non-benzene aromatic compounds exist. In living organisms, for example, the most common aromatic rings are the double-ringed bases in RNA and DNA.The earliest use of the term “aromatic” was in an article by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855. Hofmann used the term for a class of benzene compounds, many of which do have odors (unlike pure saturated hydrocarbons). Today, there is no general relationship between aromaticity as a chemical property and the olfactory properties of such compounds, although in 1855, before the structure of benzene or organic compounds was understood, chemists like Hofmann were beginning to understand that odiferous molecules from plants, such as terpenes, had chemical properties we recognize today are similar to unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbons like benzene.In terms of the electronic nature of the molecule, aromaticity describes the way a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs of electrons, or empty molecular orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. Aromaticity can be considered a manifestation of cyclic delocalization and of resonance. This is usually considered to be because electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms that are alternately single- and double-bonded to one another. These bonds may be seen as a hybrid of a single bond and a double bond, each bond in the ring identical to every other. This commonly seen model of aromatic rings, namely the idea that benzene was formed from a six-membered carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds (cyclohexatriene), was developed by August Kekulé (see History section below). The model for benzene consists of two resonance forms, which corresponds to the double and single bonds superimposing to produce six one-and-a-half bonds. Benzene is a more stable molecule than would be expected without accounting for charge delocalization.