Brief biography of B.F. Skinner Early Life B. F. Skinner was born on
... teaching method, but many of the materials were poorly written and no company wanted to design materials for a teaching machine that might go out of production. So most programmed instruction was put into book form. But the a book does not maintain the contingencies: Students can look at the answer ...
... teaching method, but many of the materials were poorly written and no company wanted to design materials for a teaching machine that might go out of production. So most programmed instruction was put into book form. But the a book does not maintain the contingencies: Students can look at the answer ...
Philosophy of Biology: A Contemporary Introduction
... arguing that questions about the origin of life, or of the human species, lie there also. Further, there are social and behavioral scientists, and scholars in the humanities too, who deny the relevance of biology to their research questions, for example questions having to do with the causes of huma ...
... arguing that questions about the origin of life, or of the human species, lie there also. Further, there are social and behavioral scientists, and scholars in the humanities too, who deny the relevance of biology to their research questions, for example questions having to do with the causes of huma ...
Influence of Reinforcement Contingencies and Cognitive Styles on
... Pleasure–displeasure is a feeling state that can be assessed readily with self-report (e.g., semantic-differential measures) or with behavioral indicators (e.g., smiles, laughter) and, in general, positive versus negative facial expressions. Arousal–nonarousal is a feeling state varying along a sing ...
... Pleasure–displeasure is a feeling state that can be assessed readily with self-report (e.g., semantic-differential measures) or with behavioral indicators (e.g., smiles, laughter) and, in general, positive versus negative facial expressions. Arousal–nonarousal is a feeling state varying along a sing ...
- Philsci
... capture the conventional, neo-Darwinian understanding of evolution by natural selection. Neo-Darwinism distinguishes between adaptations, which have evolved by natural selection, and adaptive traits, which increase the fitness of organisms that possess them relative to other types. By definition, ev ...
... capture the conventional, neo-Darwinian understanding of evolution by natural selection. Neo-Darwinism distinguishes between adaptations, which have evolved by natural selection, and adaptive traits, which increase the fitness of organisms that possess them relative to other types. By definition, ev ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection
... key issues that arise here are the following: first, that not all offspring are necessarily equal, so a simple count of offspring number may not adequately capture the notion of fitness; and, second, that chance associations between allele and class may drive evolutionary change that should not be c ...
... key issues that arise here are the following: first, that not all offspring are necessarily equal, so a simple count of offspring number may not adequately capture the notion of fitness; and, second, that chance associations between allele and class may drive evolutionary change that should not be c ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection - synergy
... key issues that arise here are the following: first, that not all offspring are necessarily equal, so a simple count of offspring number may not adequately capture the notion of fitness; and, second, that chance associations between allele and class may drive evolutionary change that should not be c ...
... key issues that arise here are the following: first, that not all offspring are necessarily equal, so a simple count of offspring number may not adequately capture the notion of fitness; and, second, that chance associations between allele and class may drive evolutionary change that should not be c ...
Course Manual and Syllabus for PSYC 2470
... remaining units (contained in this manual; see Section O below) may be obtained through reading and understanding the material in the textbook and other assigned readings. Unit tests may be taken at any time using a computer connected to the Internet. Unit tests will be evaluated by the instructor, ...
... remaining units (contained in this manual; see Section O below) may be obtained through reading and understanding the material in the textbook and other assigned readings. Unit tests may be taken at any time using a computer connected to the Internet. Unit tests will be evaluated by the instructor, ...
Conditioned Emotional Reactions
... factors. It was suggested there, that the early home life a laboratory situation for establishing conditioned emotional responses. The present authors have recently put the whole experimental test. Experimental work had been done so faron only infant was reared almost from birth in a hospital enviro ...
... factors. It was suggested there, that the early home life a laboratory situation for establishing conditioned emotional responses. The present authors have recently put the whole experimental test. Experimental work had been done so faron only infant was reared almost from birth in a hospital enviro ...
Hen`s Teeth and Horse`s Toes
... One popular 19th century school of thought that attempted to make the case that morality could be found in nature was natural theology [ELP 9, LMC 15]. Some of the ideas date back to antiquity, but the seminal document is William Paley’s 1802 book of this title. Natural theology, as opposed to reve ...
... One popular 19th century school of thought that attempted to make the case that morality could be found in nature was natural theology [ELP 9, LMC 15]. Some of the ideas date back to antiquity, but the seminal document is William Paley’s 1802 book of this title. Natural theology, as opposed to reve ...
Shattered: Medawar`s Test Tubes and their Enduring Legacy of Chaos
... is programmed because there are a few differences when they are compared to normal aging. These self-deceptions go on even when a 50 year-old Werner’s patient looks exactly the same as an 85 year old person with a few minor exceptions like an excess of skin ulcers and hypogonadism. Clearly, there ar ...
... is programmed because there are a few differences when they are compared to normal aging. These self-deceptions go on even when a 50 year-old Werner’s patient looks exactly the same as an 85 year old person with a few minor exceptions like an excess of skin ulcers and hypogonadism. Clearly, there ar ...
Altruism and the evolution of resource generalism and specialism
... Moreno 1988). These properties influence an organism’s ability to select appropriate habitats and/or resources and, consequently affect niche width. The ability to access resources may require additional behavioral adaptations such as cooperative help from conspecifics. Broadly, such cooperative act ...
... Moreno 1988). These properties influence an organism’s ability to select appropriate habitats and/or resources and, consequently affect niche width. The ability to access resources may require additional behavioral adaptations such as cooperative help from conspecifics. Broadly, such cooperative act ...
Characteristics of Demagoguery
... T hus, demagoguery of ten reasons f rom what “must” be true, even in cases when there is adequate empirical evidence. To argue f or a particular policy that has of ten been enacted, one does not reason f rom what has happened in the past when these policies were enacted, but f rom what must or shoul ...
... T hus, demagoguery of ten reasons f rom what “must” be true, even in cases when there is adequate empirical evidence. To argue f or a particular policy that has of ten been enacted, one does not reason f rom what has happened in the past when these policies were enacted, but f rom what must or shoul ...
The Evolution of Human Emotions
... other ape can now do: live on the savanna. To be sure, a bigger neocortex that could allow for culture increased fitness among late hominins over the last 2-million years, but this larger neocortex was not what allowed hominins to survive in the first place. It is the other part of the brain— the su ...
... other ape can now do: live on the savanna. To be sure, a bigger neocortex that could allow for culture increased fitness among late hominins over the last 2-million years, but this larger neocortex was not what allowed hominins to survive in the first place. It is the other part of the brain— the su ...
Adaptive Dynamics with Interaction Structure.
... attention has been devoted to individual-based evolutionary game models (IBEG models) in which births, deaths, game interactions, and other events are represented explicitly (Nowak and May 1992; Durrett and Levin 1994; Killingback and Doebeli 1996; Nakamaru et al. 1997; van Baalen and Rand 1998; Mit ...
... attention has been devoted to individual-based evolutionary game models (IBEG models) in which births, deaths, game interactions, and other events are represented explicitly (Nowak and May 1992; Durrett and Levin 1994; Killingback and Doebeli 1996; Nakamaru et al. 1997; van Baalen and Rand 1998; Mit ...
Smoking as Behavior: Applying a Social Psychological Theory
... a theoretical perspective recently outlined by Woelfel and Haller (1971). In their study of the educational and occupational attainment process they examine an equally wide range of variables, including: (1) the attitudes of the individuals; (2) other related attitudes; (3) significant other influen ...
... a theoretical perspective recently outlined by Woelfel and Haller (1971). In their study of the educational and occupational attainment process they examine an equally wide range of variables, including: (1) the attitudes of the individuals; (2) other related attitudes; (3) significant other influen ...
COLEGIO DECROLY AMERICANO
... Discuss the evidence that supports the theory of evolution. Compare Lamarck’s and Darwin’s theories of evolution. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of evolution. Explain natural selection and its role in the evolution of species. Describe adaptations and variations. Understand the necessities for ...
... Discuss the evidence that supports the theory of evolution. Compare Lamarck’s and Darwin’s theories of evolution. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of evolution. Explain natural selection and its role in the evolution of species. Describe adaptations and variations. Understand the necessities for ...
evolutionary theory and biodiversity
... • James Hutton (1726–1797) and charles lyell (1797–1875) studied the forces of wind, water, earthquakes, and volcanoes. They concluded that the Earth is very old and has changed slowly over time due to natural processes. • erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) suggested that competition between individuals cou ...
... • James Hutton (1726–1797) and charles lyell (1797–1875) studied the forces of wind, water, earthquakes, and volcanoes. They concluded that the Earth is very old and has changed slowly over time due to natural processes. • erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) suggested that competition between individuals cou ...
The validity and value of inclusive fitness theory
... Why should cooperation exist in a world of Darwinian competition? Answering this question is one of the great tasks of evolutionary biology. In particular, evolutionary biologists have sought to explain the puzzling existence of eusocial societies. In these, typified by the colonies of eusocial Hyme ...
... Why should cooperation exist in a world of Darwinian competition? Answering this question is one of the great tasks of evolutionary biology. In particular, evolutionary biologists have sought to explain the puzzling existence of eusocial societies. In these, typified by the colonies of eusocial Hyme ...
Evolutionary origins of obesity - Conferencias Sindrome Metabólico
... expected to provide such information. Several genes influencing human brain development evolved rapidly after evolutionary divergence from other hominoids (43). The HAR1F gene expressed in the human neocortex during fetal development, evolved rapidly, with 18 substitutions accumulating in the human ...
... expected to provide such information. Several genes influencing human brain development evolved rapidly after evolutionary divergence from other hominoids (43). The HAR1F gene expressed in the human neocortex during fetal development, evolved rapidly, with 18 substitutions accumulating in the human ...
Pre´cis of Evolution in Four Dimensions
... that there are Lamarckian processes in evolution. August Weismann’s version of Darwinism, disapprovingly dubbed “neo-Darwinism” by Romanes, is an important part of the history of evolutionary thinking, and its influence can still be seen in contemporary views of heredity and evolution. Unlike Darwin ...
... that there are Lamarckian processes in evolution. August Weismann’s version of Darwinism, disapprovingly dubbed “neo-Darwinism” by Romanes, is an important part of the history of evolutionary thinking, and its influence can still be seen in contemporary views of heredity and evolution. Unlike Darwin ...
Seeing green: Mere exposure to money triggers a
... Judas betrayed Jesus for 30 pieces of silver. For Dante (14th century/1985) Judas’ crime condemned him to the lowest level of hell. Indeed, Judas has been known throughout the centuries as an archetype of immorality. The repugnance of Judas’ behavior is in the severing of social bonds for mere money ...
... Judas betrayed Jesus for 30 pieces of silver. For Dante (14th century/1985) Judas’ crime condemned him to the lowest level of hell. Indeed, Judas has been known throughout the centuries as an archetype of immorality. The repugnance of Judas’ behavior is in the severing of social bonds for mere money ...
Learning operant conditioning
... • Reinforcement - Any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior • Punishment - Any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior • The subject determines if a consequence is reinforcing or punishing ...
... • Reinforcement - Any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior • Punishment - Any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior • The subject determines if a consequence is reinforcing or punishing ...
toward an evolutionary definition of cheating
... with our most general definition of fitness being inclusive fitness (Fisher 1930; Hamilton 1964; Grafen 2006; West and Gardner 2013). Another way of saying this is that natural selection will lead to organisms that act with the appearance of intention, as if they are trying to maximize their fitness ...
... with our most general definition of fitness being inclusive fitness (Fisher 1930; Hamilton 1964; Grafen 2006; West and Gardner 2013). Another way of saying this is that natural selection will lead to organisms that act with the appearance of intention, as if they are trying to maximize their fitness ...
Natural Selection, Variation, Adaptation, and Evolution: A Primer of
... Adaptation: (1) the process by which the characteristics of a population of individuals change over generations in response to natural selection in such a way as to better fit the organisms to their environment; (2) a trait that increases the fitness of individuals that possess it relative to other ...
... Adaptation: (1) the process by which the characteristics of a population of individuals change over generations in response to natural selection in such a way as to better fit the organisms to their environment; (2) a trait that increases the fitness of individuals that possess it relative to other ...
Truth and Reconciliation for Social Darwinism
... tainted in other sectors of academic and public life. So are other words such as group selection, sociobiology, and evolutionary psychology. All of these words had face-value definitions when they were first coined (sociobiology is the study of social behavior from a biological perspective, evolutio ...
... tainted in other sectors of academic and public life. So are other words such as group selection, sociobiology, and evolutionary psychology. All of these words had face-value definitions when they were first coined (sociobiology is the study of social behavior from a biological perspective, evolutio ...