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Sample Paper – 2010 Class – XII
Sample Paper – 2010 Class – XII

... 15. Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum which is [2] I. Suitable for Radar system used in aircraft navigation II. Adjacent to the low frequency end of the electromagnetic spectrum. III. Produced in nuclear reaction. IV. Produced by bombarding of metal target by high speed electrons. 16 ...
Insertion Devices Lecture 3 Undulator Radiation and Realisation
Insertion Devices Lecture 3 Undulator Radiation and Realisation

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I INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS

... electrons are considered to orbit in various shells and sub shells depending upon their distance from the nucleus. The structure of the atom has previously been compared to the solar system, wherein the electrons orbiting the nucleus correspond to the planets orbiting the sun. Along with its orbital ...
Chapt34_VGo
Chapt34_VGo

... The current can be induced two different ways: 1. By changing the size, orientation or location of the coil in a steady magnetic field. The electromotive force comes from the Lorenz force. Motional EMF 2. By changing in time the strength of the magnetic field while keeping the coil fixed. In case ...
PHY–309 L. Solutions for Problem set # 3. Non
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... gives the direction of the magnetic eld generated by this current. In this problem, we will consider a rectangular loop of wire with sides x and y placed in a region where a ~ exists (see Figure 1). The resistance of the loop is R. uniform magnetic eld B Initially, the eld is perpendicular to the ...
国家杰出青年科学基金 申请书
国家杰出青年科学基金 申请书

... iso-vector meson fields, i.e., rho and pi, thus the iso-vector current and magnetic moment are still enhanced. Even if rho meson is considered, the enhancement of iso-vector current still can not be reduced significantly because of the small rho-N coupling constant. P. G. Blunden, Nucl. Phys. A 464 ...
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MY-402 (Advanced Materials)

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Lecture Magnetic Circuit

... • Have north and south pole • Concentration of flux line is less than that of permanent magnet • Field strength may be increase by placing a core made of magnetic materials (iron, ...
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Episode 411: Describing magnetic fields

... Your specification may require the study of the magnetic field due to a permanent magnet but even if this is not the case, such work forms a good introduction to magnetic fields. The use of two permanent magnets will remind students that there is a magnetic field around each magnet. (This can be don ...
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Is petroleum exploration plausible in Nigerian inland basins? A case

Word version of Episode 411
Word version of Episode 411

... Your specification may require the study of the magnetic field due to a permanent magnet but even if this is not the case, such work forms a good introduction to magnetic fields. The use of two permanent magnets will remind students that there is a magnetic field around each magnet. (This can be don ...
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Advanced Characterization methods lectures

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... where θ is the angle between the current and magnetic field directions. The direction of this force is determined by the right hand rule. Using these equations and your measurement of the force at 90◦ , calculate the strength of the magnetic field between the magnets. How does it compare to the stre ...
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Magnets and the Magnetic field Part 1: The magnetic field of a

... coordinate). Follow instructions regarding warm up time etc. and obtain the blue electron beam. This beam is a current, composed of electrons (negative charge carriers). In most uses of this apparatus, the coils are electrified to provide a magnetic field. For this exploration, the horseshoe magnet ...
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... devices and for enabling a variety of investigations of fundamental physical principles. There are many techniques for controllably depositing thin films onto a substrate with thicknesses as small as a few nm. In this paper, we will focus on one deposition technique- thermal evaporation- and produce ...
Self-Assembly of Colloidal Pyramids in Magnetic Fields
Self-Assembly of Colloidal Pyramids in Magnetic Fields

... evidence that such a phenomenon occurs. Instead, we find pyramids with different values of N on the same domain wall in the same experiment. Only in some cases have we observed many small pyramids with the same N attached to the same domain wall (Figure 8). Our experiments suggest that pyramids with ...
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MRI and Static Electric and Magnetic Fields

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Chapter 5 Experiment 3: Ohm`s `Law`

... the electrons (where e is the absolute value of the electron charge, e = 1.602 × 10−19 C). Scattering by the lattice prevents the electrons from accelerating indefinitely, but instead transforms the extra kinetic energy that the electrons acquire from the field into vibrational energy of the lattice ...
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Giant magnetoresistance



Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in thin-film structures composed of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic conductive layers. The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of GMR.The effect is observed as a significant change in the electrical resistance depending on whether the magnetization of adjacent ferromagnetic layers are in a parallel or an antiparallel alignment. The overall resistance is relatively low for parallel alignment and relatively high for antiparallel alignment. The magnetization direction can be controlled, for example, by applying an external magnetic field. The effect is based on the dependence of electron scattering on the spin orientation.The main application of GMR is magnetic field sensors, which are used to read data in hard disk drives, biosensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other devices. GMR multilayer structures are also used in magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) as cells that store one bit of information.In literature, the term giant magnetoresistance is sometimes confused with colossal magnetoresistance of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic semiconductors, which is not related to the multilayer structure.
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