CRF Enhancement of GIRK Channel-Mediated
... (86.3±5.0%, not shown). CRF also caused a small but statistically significant slowing of the kinetics of the IPSC, measured as an increase in time-to-peak (Figure 1d, n ¼ 10). As has been shown previously, the kinetics of the IPSC were not dependent on the amplitude of the IPSC (Beckstead et al, 200 ...
... (86.3±5.0%, not shown). CRF also caused a small but statistically significant slowing of the kinetics of the IPSC, measured as an increase in time-to-peak (Figure 1d, n ¼ 10). As has been shown previously, the kinetics of the IPSC were not dependent on the amplitude of the IPSC (Beckstead et al, 200 ...
******* 1
... dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is sulfated in the innermost zona reticularis to dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) Functions of DHEA:1. Is a precursor that is converted to testosterone (a male hormone). 2. Is a precursor to estrogen (a female anabolic hormone). 3. Reverses immune suppressi ...
... dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is sulfated in the innermost zona reticularis to dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) Functions of DHEA:1. Is a precursor that is converted to testosterone (a male hormone). 2. Is a precursor to estrogen (a female anabolic hormone). 3. Reverses immune suppressi ...
The Phases of Adrenal Fatigue
... Norepinephrine: This is a chemical made in the adrenal medulla that activates our sympathetic nervous system to help our body adapt to stress through fight or flight. It has very similar activity as epinephrine but is classified as a neurotransmitter in that it interacts with the brain and nervous ...
... Norepinephrine: This is a chemical made in the adrenal medulla that activates our sympathetic nervous system to help our body adapt to stress through fight or flight. It has very similar activity as epinephrine but is classified as a neurotransmitter in that it interacts with the brain and nervous ...
Nicotine and the Central Nervous System
... Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Requests for reprints should be addressed to Ovide F. Pomerleau, Ph.D., Behavioral Medicine Program, 900 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105. ...
... Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Requests for reprints should be addressed to Ovide F. Pomerleau, Ph.D., Behavioral Medicine Program, 900 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105. ...
Opioid Withdrawal: A New Look At Medication
... clonidine and lofexidine were more effective than placebo in managing withdrawal from heroin or methadone and were more likely to be associated with treatment completion than placebo. The studies conclude that alpha-2 adrenergic agonists may be an alternative in treating opioid withdrawal.12 Sos et ...
... clonidine and lofexidine were more effective than placebo in managing withdrawal from heroin or methadone and were more likely to be associated with treatment completion than placebo. The studies conclude that alpha-2 adrenergic agonists may be an alternative in treating opioid withdrawal.12 Sos et ...
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE SECTION I: COCAINE
... Cocaine’s chemical name is benzoylmethylecgonine. Its molecular formula and molecular weight are C17H21NO4 and 303.4, respectively (Reynolds, 1989). It is a weak base with a pKa = 8.6 (Murray, 1986). Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of cocaine. It contains a nitrogen base, methylecgonine and es ...
... Cocaine’s chemical name is benzoylmethylecgonine. Its molecular formula and molecular weight are C17H21NO4 and 303.4, respectively (Reynolds, 1989). It is a weak base with a pKa = 8.6 (Murray, 1986). Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of cocaine. It contains a nitrogen base, methylecgonine and es ...
Endocrine System - El Camino College
... hormones have one common feature – all travel through blood to the Target Cells. Specificity: Only target cells have receptors to bind with hormone and only target cells show cellular changes on the attachment of the hormone. Main Endocrine Glands Main endocrine glands: Pituitary gland – inferior to ...
... hormones have one common feature – all travel through blood to the Target Cells. Specificity: Only target cells have receptors to bind with hormone and only target cells show cellular changes on the attachment of the hormone. Main Endocrine Glands Main endocrine glands: Pituitary gland – inferior to ...
Stress: A Risk Factor for Serious Illness
... cellular events, like enzymes, receptors, ion channels, or structural proteins induced genomically or phosphorylated via second messenger systems, that are regulated. . .by the primary mediators. A third level is represented by secondary mediators, eg, more integrated processes such as blood pressur ...
... cellular events, like enzymes, receptors, ion channels, or structural proteins induced genomically or phosphorylated via second messenger systems, that are regulated. . .by the primary mediators. A third level is represented by secondary mediators, eg, more integrated processes such as blood pressur ...
Journal of Psychopharmacology
... also reduced pupil diameter and enhanced light reflex amplitude in the ’safe’ condition. Clonidine also reduced subjective alertness but not subjective anxiety in the ’threat’ condition. These findings suggest that the mutual antagonism between clonidine and threat is likely to reflect the opposite ...
... also reduced pupil diameter and enhanced light reflex amplitude in the ’safe’ condition. Clonidine also reduced subjective alertness but not subjective anxiety in the ’threat’ condition. These findings suggest that the mutual antagonism between clonidine and threat is likely to reflect the opposite ...
Reinforcement, Dopamine and Rodent Models in Drug
... likewise intermittent and delayed. We argue as follows that this may cause key symptoms of ADHD. The exact nature and cause of the failure is currently unknown. However, there are many ways that such failure might occur. For example, altered dopamine transporter function, or altered dopamine recepto ...
... likewise intermittent and delayed. We argue as follows that this may cause key symptoms of ADHD. The exact nature and cause of the failure is currently unknown. However, there are many ways that such failure might occur. For example, altered dopamine transporter function, or altered dopamine recepto ...
Drug-induced hypo- and hyperprolactinemia: mechanisms, clinical
... hormones with major functions, for example, corticosteroids. Its secretion is increased during the sleeping period and decreases in the wakeful state. In the case of corticosteroids, the pattern is reversed, increasing from the first hours in the morning. Extensive proofs emphasize that the dopamine ...
... hormones with major functions, for example, corticosteroids. Its secretion is increased during the sleeping period and decreases in the wakeful state. In the case of corticosteroids, the pattern is reversed, increasing from the first hours in the morning. Extensive proofs emphasize that the dopamine ...
Dopamina. Monografia del farmaco.
... Dopamine produces positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the myocardium, resulting in increased heart rate and cardiac contractility. This is accomplished directly by exerting an agonist action on beta-adrenoceptors and indirectly by causing release of norepinephrine from storage sites in sy ...
... Dopamine produces positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the myocardium, resulting in increased heart rate and cardiac contractility. This is accomplished directly by exerting an agonist action on beta-adrenoceptors and indirectly by causing release of norepinephrine from storage sites in sy ...
Dissociable effects of monoamine reuptake inhibitors on distinct
... caveats remain. First, as mentioned above, the consequences of selective blockade of the 5-HT transporter for impulsive behavior are largely unknown. Second, beneficial effects of selective NA reuptake inhibitors on impulsive action (as assessed in the 5-CSRTT and stop signal task) have been consist ...
... caveats remain. First, as mentioned above, the consequences of selective blockade of the 5-HT transporter for impulsive behavior are largely unknown. Second, beneficial effects of selective NA reuptake inhibitors on impulsive action (as assessed in the 5-CSRTT and stop signal task) have been consist ...
Pharmacologic Identification of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter
... attributed to a preponderance of striated muscle in the proximal strips. In the cat, striated muscle may extend down to 3 or 4 cm above the stomach. The possibility that there is a difference defining the sphincter independent of the type of muscle making up the muscular wall can only be tested in a ...
... attributed to a preponderance of striated muscle in the proximal strips. In the cat, striated muscle may extend down to 3 or 4 cm above the stomach. The possibility that there is a difference defining the sphincter independent of the type of muscle making up the muscular wall can only be tested in a ...
Introduction to the Hypothalamo- Pituitary
... There are several other characteristics of this system worth mentioning. The short portal veins could enable reverse flow from the anterior pituitary to the posterior pituitary. This would result in a direct communication between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus via reverse axonal transpor ...
... There are several other characteristics of this system worth mentioning. The short portal veins could enable reverse flow from the anterior pituitary to the posterior pituitary. This would result in a direct communication between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus via reverse axonal transpor ...
Influence of Yohimbine on Blood Pressure, Autonomic Reflexes, and
... vivo in humans9 and animals 1 0 " has been difficult. Based on these data, we postulated that a 2 -receptors tonically inhibit sympathetic outflow in humans and that the extent of this activity could be estimated through the study of a 2 -antagonists. Although several relatively selective a 2 -adren ...
... vivo in humans9 and animals 1 0 " has been difficult. Based on these data, we postulated that a 2 -receptors tonically inhibit sympathetic outflow in humans and that the extent of this activity could be estimated through the study of a 2 -antagonists. Although several relatively selective a 2 -adren ...
Adrenal Insufficiency
... medication to replace aldosterone. Fludrocortisone (Florinef®) is normally the medication used to treat aldosterone deficiency. It is important that medications for adrenal insufficiency be taken every day at the same time. People who have adrenal insufficiency need to see a doctor regularly for blo ...
... medication to replace aldosterone. Fludrocortisone (Florinef®) is normally the medication used to treat aldosterone deficiency. It is important that medications for adrenal insufficiency be taken every day at the same time. People who have adrenal insufficiency need to see a doctor regularly for blo ...
Role for Reactive Oxygen Species in Methamphetamine Modulation
... today’s society, with over 1 in 20 adults over 26 having taken it at least once. While it is known that METH, a common psychostimulant, acts on both the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) and nigrostriatal DA systems by affecting proteins involved in DA reuptake and vesicular packaging, the specific mechanism ...
... today’s society, with over 1 in 20 adults over 26 having taken it at least once. While it is known that METH, a common psychostimulant, acts on both the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) and nigrostriatal DA systems by affecting proteins involved in DA reuptake and vesicular packaging, the specific mechanism ...
Biological substrates of reward and aversion: A nucleus accumbens
... Kelley, 2004) have the common action of elevating extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the NAc. Moreover, lesions of the NAc reduce the rewarding effects of stimulants and opiates (Roberts et al., 1980; Kelsey et al., 1989). Pharmacology studies in rats (e.g., Caine et al., 1999) and monkeys ...
... Kelley, 2004) have the common action of elevating extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the NAc. Moreover, lesions of the NAc reduce the rewarding effects of stimulants and opiates (Roberts et al., 1980; Kelsey et al., 1989). Pharmacology studies in rats (e.g., Caine et al., 1999) and monkeys ...
DOPamine Hydrochloride and 5% Dextrose Injection, USP
... Dopamine produces positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the myocardium, resulting in increased heart rate and cardiac contractility. This is accomplished directly by exerting an agonist action on beta-adrenoceptors and indirectly by causing release of norepinephrine from storage sites in sy ...
... Dopamine produces positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the myocardium, resulting in increased heart rate and cardiac contractility. This is accomplished directly by exerting an agonist action on beta-adrenoceptors and indirectly by causing release of norepinephrine from storage sites in sy ...
Antipsychotic Drugs - Pharmacological Reviews
... B. Effect of synaptic dopamine concentration on inhibition of functional response by antipsychotic drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Effect of synaptic dopamine release on binding of radiotra ...
... B. Effect of synaptic dopamine concentration on inhibition of functional response by antipsychotic drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Effect of synaptic dopamine release on binding of radiotra ...
In vivo evaluation of 2-adrenoceptors in cats with
... of their greater stress responsiveness.26 Respiratory rate alone thus may not be a good indicator of stress. Some cats may respond to stress with inactivity and minimal movements as part of a defense mechanism to avoid detection by predators. A lower respiratory rate also has been reported in humans ...
... of their greater stress responsiveness.26 Respiratory rate alone thus may not be a good indicator of stress. Some cats may respond to stress with inactivity and minimal movements as part of a defense mechanism to avoid detection by predators. A lower respiratory rate also has been reported in humans ...
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the human brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter. Noradrenaline is the common name in the United Kingdom (BAN), while norepinephrine is the International Nonproprietary Name and typically used in the United States. Areas of the body that produce or are affected by norepinephrine are referred to everywhere as noradrenergic.Norepinephrine is synthesized and released by the central nervous system and also by a division of the autonomic nervous system called the sympathetic nervous system. In the brain, norepinephrine comes from several nuclei that are small in size but project to most other parts of the brain and exert powerful effects on their targets. The most important source of norepinephrine in the brain is the locus coeruleus, located in the pons. In the sympathetic nervous system norepinephrine is used as a neurotransmitter by sympathetic ganglia located near the spinal cord or in the abdomen, and is also released directly into the bloodstream by the adrenal glands. Regardless of how and where it is released, norepinephrine acts on target cells by binding to and activating noradrenergic receptors located on the cell surface.In the most basic terms, the function of norepinephrine is to mobilize the brain and body for action. Norepinephrine release is lowest during sleep, rises during wakefulness, and reaches much higher levels during situations of stress or danger, in what has been called the fight-or-flight response. In the brain norepinephrine increases arousal and alertness, promotes vigilance, enhances formation and retrieval of memory, and focuses attention; it also increases restlessness and anxiety. In the rest of the body, norepinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure, triggers the release of glucose from energy stores, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, reduces blood flow to the gastrointestinal system, and promotes voiding of the bladder and large intestines.A variety of medically important drugs work by altering the actions of norepinephrine systems. Norepinephrine itself is widely used as an injectable drug for the treatment of critically low blood pressure. Beta blockers, which counter some of the effects of norepinephrine, are frequently used to treat glaucoma, migraine, and a range of cardiovascular problems. Alpha blockers, which counter a different set of norepinephrine effects, are used to treat several cardiovascular and psychiatric conditions. Alpha-2 agonists often have a sedating effect, and are commonly used as anesthesia-enhancers in surgery, as well as in treatment of drug or alcohol dependence. Many important psychiatric drugs exert strong effects on norepinephrine systems in the brain, resulting in side-effects that may be helpful or harmful.