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Vampirism and Infection Theories in Bram Stoker`s
Vampirism and Infection Theories in Bram Stoker`s

... Dracula’s various animal forms also connect his representation in the novel to contemporary issues related to the spread of infectious disease. As Van Helsing informs Harker and the other protagonists, “He can transform himself to a wolf, as we gather from the ship arrival in Whitby, when he tear op ...
The Combined Benefit of Negative Pressure Therapy (N.P.T.
The Combined Benefit of Negative Pressure Therapy (N.P.T.

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Postinfection activity of selceted potato late blight fungicides
Postinfection activity of selceted potato late blight fungicides

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74. Status of foot-and-mouth disease in Pakistan
74. Status of foot-and-mouth disease in Pakistan

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... 8. If there are still thousands of Tasmanian devils left in the wild, then how can they be classified as ‘endangered’? There has been a decline across Tasmania of more than 80 per cent in average sightings per spotlighting survey since DFTD emerged. In the north-east region, where signs of the disea ...
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... had CAD for several years, and 2 years ago suffered an acute anterior wall MI. In addition, she has a history of chronic joint pain. Now, after being home for only a week, J.F. has been readmitted to your floor with endocarditis, N/V, and renal failure. Since yesterday she has been vomiting and retc ...
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... Deer Southeast Asia Horse Southeast Asia ...
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Chagas disease



Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It is spread mostly by insects known as triatominae or kissing bugs. The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or local swelling at the site of the bite. After 8–12 weeks, individuals enter the chronic phase of disease and in 60–70% it never produces further symptoms. The other 30 to 40% of people develop further symptoms 10 to 30 years after the initial infection, including enlargement of the ventricles of the heart in 20 to 30%, leading to heart failure. An enlarged esophagus or an enlarged colon may also occur in 10% of people.T. cruzi is commonly spread to humans and other mammals by the blood-sucking ""kissing bugs"" of the subfamily Triatominae. These insects are known by a number of local names, including: vinchuca in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay, barbeiro (the barber) in Brazil, pito in Colombia, chinche in Central America, and chipo in Venezuela. The disease may also be spread through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, eating food contaminated with the parasites, and by vertical transmission (from a mother to her fetus). Diagnosis of early disease is by finding the parasite in the blood using a microscope. Chronic disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies for T. cruzi in the blood.Prevention mostly involves eliminating kissing bugs and avoiding their bites. Other preventative efforts include screening blood used for transfusions. A vaccine has not been developed as of 2013. Early infections are treatable with the medication benznidazole or nifurtimox. Medication nearly always results in a cure if given early, but becomes less effective the longer a person has had Chagas disease. When used in chronic disease, medication may delay or prevent the development of end–stage symptoms. Benznidazole and nifurtimox cause temporary side effects in up to 40% of people including skin disorders, brain toxicity, and digestive system irritation.It is estimated that 7 to 8 million people, mostly in Mexico, Central America and South America, have Chagas disease as of 2013. In 2006, Chagas was estimated to result in 12,500 deaths per year. Most people with the disease are poor, and most people with the disease do not realize they are infected. Large-scale population movements have increased the areas where Chagas disease is found and these include many European countries and the United States. These areas have also seen an increase in the years up to 2014. The disease was first described in 1909 by Carlos Chagas after whom it is named. It affects more than 150 other animals.
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