A simple model of growth form-dependent recovery from disease in
... vanish (i.e., 1–10 weeks) is impractical at most sites. The need for other strategies to learn how disease could affect sponges, including how to focus field data collection, motivated exploration of models of disease progression. Sponges are useful starting points for exploring influence of growth for ...
... vanish (i.e., 1–10 weeks) is impractical at most sites. The need for other strategies to learn how disease could affect sponges, including how to focus field data collection, motivated exploration of models of disease progression. Sponges are useful starting points for exploring influence of growth for ...
The ubiquity of the chytrid fungus and the futility of fighting it: lessons
... would be done before researchers would know to implement eradication protocols. In these tropical countries, most population declines due to chytridiomycosis are predicted to occur in moist areas (Ron 2005; Kriger et al. 2007) where both amphibians and B. dendrobatidis are likely to persist away fro ...
... would be done before researchers would know to implement eradication protocols. In these tropical countries, most population declines due to chytridiomycosis are predicted to occur in moist areas (Ron 2005; Kriger et al. 2007) where both amphibians and B. dendrobatidis are likely to persist away fro ...
lyme vaccine
... also went to the public health department of the state of Connecticut and convincingly showed them that there was a health problem in Lyme. The media became involved and the disease, Lyme arthritis, was defined." 3 "Two years later, the causative organism was discovered by Burgdorfer. The organism t ...
... also went to the public health department of the state of Connecticut and convincingly showed them that there was a health problem in Lyme. The media became involved and the disease, Lyme arthritis, was defined." 3 "Two years later, the causative organism was discovered by Burgdorfer. The organism t ...
Cytomegalovirus Immune Globulin Indications
... a. Rising (3-fold increase or > 5,000 copies/mL) blood CMV PCR viral load OR worsening clinical symptoms after at least one week of appropriately-dosed treatment with intravenous antiviral(s). i. Alternative and/or combination antiviral therapies should be considered prior to the addition of CMV-IG ...
... a. Rising (3-fold increase or > 5,000 copies/mL) blood CMV PCR viral load OR worsening clinical symptoms after at least one week of appropriately-dosed treatment with intravenous antiviral(s). i. Alternative and/or combination antiviral therapies should be considered prior to the addition of CMV-IG ...
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: a
... medical intern became the next victim of CCHF virus and died on 31st January [29]. He was the second doctor and fourth victim overall to die of deadly disease in Ahmedabad. All deaths have occurred in less than a month [29, 30]. The death pattern shows that all the persons died of CCHF were living i ...
... medical intern became the next victim of CCHF virus and died on 31st January [29]. He was the second doctor and fourth victim overall to die of deadly disease in Ahmedabad. All deaths have occurred in less than a month [29, 30]. The death pattern shows that all the persons died of CCHF were living i ...
1. Basic Concepts in the Transmission of Communicable Diseases
... the future. These are called prevention measures. For example, vaccination of children with the measles vaccine is a prevention measure, because the vaccine will protect children from getting measles. Vaccination refers to administration of vaccines to increase resistance of a person against infecti ...
... the future. These are called prevention measures. For example, vaccination of children with the measles vaccine is a prevention measure, because the vaccine will protect children from getting measles. Vaccination refers to administration of vaccines to increase resistance of a person against infecti ...
Global rise in human infectious disease outbreaks
... emerging human infectious diseases are further characterized by novelty: for example, diseases that have undergone recent evolutionary change, entered the human population for the first time, or have been newly discovered [5,9]. The number of outbreaks, like the number of emerging infectious disease ...
... emerging human infectious diseases are further characterized by novelty: for example, diseases that have undergone recent evolutionary change, entered the human population for the first time, or have been newly discovered [5,9]. The number of outbreaks, like the number of emerging infectious disease ...
PDF - Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science
... incubation times of the disease was overcome by the inoculation of scrapie into goats (Cuille and Chelle, 1936). The transmissibility of the infectious agent was further confirmed after scrapie was accidentally transmitted into sheep when a Scottish herd was inoculated against a virus with a brain, ...
... incubation times of the disease was overcome by the inoculation of scrapie into goats (Cuille and Chelle, 1936). The transmissibility of the infectious agent was further confirmed after scrapie was accidentally transmitted into sheep when a Scottish herd was inoculated against a virus with a brain, ...
Airborne Disease: Including Chemical and Biological Warfare
... fectious diseases were thought to be transmitted through the air. The "miasmic" theory of disease was in the ascendancy, leading to names like malaria. This era ended rather abruptly when the microbial nature of infectious disease was recognized; the role of contact spread in infectious disease tran ...
... fectious diseases were thought to be transmitted through the air. The "miasmic" theory of disease was in the ascendancy, leading to names like malaria. This era ended rather abruptly when the microbial nature of infectious disease was recognized; the role of contact spread in infectious disease tran ...
Periodontal infections and cardiovascular disease
... status by classifying current smokers according to not exist. This epidemiologic phenomenon is the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Others referred to as “confounding.”4 have controlled for smoking by restricting their These studies enrolled patients when they analyses to never-smokers. Joshipur ...
... status by classifying current smokers according to not exist. This epidemiologic phenomenon is the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Others referred to as “confounding.”4 have controlled for smoking by restricting their These studies enrolled patients when they analyses to never-smokers. Joshipur ...
1 Chapter 5: Acute infection of the pharynx and tonsils
... The usual patient with a quinsy is a fit young adult who may have a previous history of repeated attacks of acute tonsillitis, however, the patient may never have had tonsillitis previously. Usually a quinsy is preceded by a sore throat for 2 or 3 days which gradually becomes more severe and unilate ...
... The usual patient with a quinsy is a fit young adult who may have a previous history of repeated attacks of acute tonsillitis, however, the patient may never have had tonsillitis previously. Usually a quinsy is preceded by a sore throat for 2 or 3 days which gradually becomes more severe and unilate ...
An epidemic model of a vector-borne disease with direct
... host on small area, (7) change in policies that took away resources for vector-control measures. The impact of climate change and global warming is a topic of significant debate (Watson et al. [5], Khasnis and Nettleman [6]). Most of the above factors are a part of the global change linked to human ...
... host on small area, (7) change in policies that took away resources for vector-control measures. The impact of climate change and global warming is a topic of significant debate (Watson et al. [5], Khasnis and Nettleman [6]). Most of the above factors are a part of the global change linked to human ...
Hepatitis
... develop cirrhosis after 20 years) • age (older at time of infection more rapid) • gender (men faster progression than women) ...
... develop cirrhosis after 20 years) • age (older at time of infection more rapid) • gender (men faster progression than women) ...
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
... parts of the world[1].It is a major cause of death among all age groups resulting 4 million deaths[1].Rates are greatest in children less than five, and adults older than 75 years[1].It occurs about five times more frequently in the developing world than in the developed world[1].In the United State ...
... parts of the world[1].It is a major cause of death among all age groups resulting 4 million deaths[1].Rates are greatest in children less than five, and adults older than 75 years[1].It occurs about five times more frequently in the developing world than in the developed world[1].In the United State ...
Transmission dynamics - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... flower, and because it is transmitted by pollinators during sexual reproduction of the host (figure 3), it exhibits features in common with many other sexually transmitted diseases in animals [7,11]. The pollinators act as passive vectors, and spore deposition on flowers does not occur if pollinator ...
... flower, and because it is transmitted by pollinators during sexual reproduction of the host (figure 3), it exhibits features in common with many other sexually transmitted diseases in animals [7,11]. The pollinators act as passive vectors, and spore deposition on flowers does not occur if pollinator ...
NCCAOM ® Reinstatement Exam for Acupuncture Certification
... hormones (e.g., melatonin, wild yams, DHEA) ...
... hormones (e.g., melatonin, wild yams, DHEA) ...
Persistent C. pneumoniae infection in atherosclerotic
... not been determined as such studies would be difficult to design and execute. Second, it is possible that antibiotic treatment might be ineffective due to pathogen burden as viruses or other bacteria contributing to atherosclerotic processes may not be susceptible to the chosen antibiotics (Epstein, ...
... not been determined as such studies would be difficult to design and execute. Second, it is possible that antibiotic treatment might be ineffective due to pathogen burden as viruses or other bacteria contributing to atherosclerotic processes may not be susceptible to the chosen antibiotics (Epstein, ...
Johnson and Paull 2011
... during dry seasons (Altizer et al., 2006). Similarly, because people tend to establish developments and raise cattle close to local water sources, lakes and reservoirs in Africa function as reliable transmission foci for trematode diseases such as livestock liver flukes (fascioliasis) and human bloo ...
... during dry seasons (Altizer et al., 2006). Similarly, because people tend to establish developments and raise cattle close to local water sources, lakes and reservoirs in Africa function as reliable transmission foci for trematode diseases such as livestock liver flukes (fascioliasis) and human bloo ...
Complementary approaches to diagnosing marine diseases: a
... species can amplify an endemic pathogen, increasing transmission to the native host or introduce exotic pathogens [68]. Furthermore, observations of the entire community could help determine why a disease has emerged at a particular place and time. For example, identification of Pseudo-nitzschia spp ...
... species can amplify an endemic pathogen, increasing transmission to the native host or introduce exotic pathogens [68]. Furthermore, observations of the entire community could help determine why a disease has emerged at a particular place and time. For example, identification of Pseudo-nitzschia spp ...
Slide 1
... Top Ten Causes of Death in the U.S. 1. Heart Disease 2. Cancer 3. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) 4. Chronic lower respiratory disease 5. Accidents 6. Alzheimer’s Disease 7. Diabetes 8. Influenza and Pneumonia 9. Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome, and Nephrosis 10. Septicemia #6 and #8 in neonatal and ...
... Top Ten Causes of Death in the U.S. 1. Heart Disease 2. Cancer 3. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) 4. Chronic lower respiratory disease 5. Accidents 6. Alzheimer’s Disease 7. Diabetes 8. Influenza and Pneumonia 9. Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome, and Nephrosis 10. Septicemia #6 and #8 in neonatal and ...
Protozoan Parasites
... intestine & results in decreased intestinal enzyme activity (e.g. disaccharidases) & malabsorption of nutrients (glucose especially), electrolytes & water → results in increased intestinal motility of digesta (or ‘decreased transit time’) - in some animals, enterocyte injury by the parasite disrupti ...
... intestine & results in decreased intestinal enzyme activity (e.g. disaccharidases) & malabsorption of nutrients (glucose especially), electrolytes & water → results in increased intestinal motility of digesta (or ‘decreased transit time’) - in some animals, enterocyte injury by the parasite disrupti ...
Chapter 4 - American Phytopathological Society
... process. This process results from underlying mechanisms, which we can refer to as subprocesses. Therefore, the building blocks of plant disease epidemics, as processes, consist of subprocesses. For instance, for an aerially dispersed disease, one may consider the following subprocesses: propagule p ...
... process. This process results from underlying mechanisms, which we can refer to as subprocesses. Therefore, the building blocks of plant disease epidemics, as processes, consist of subprocesses. For instance, for an aerially dispersed disease, one may consider the following subprocesses: propagule p ...
Densovirus associated with sea-star wasting disease and mass mortality
... 286 individuals) and asymptomatic (n = 49 individuals) asteroids of 14 species. Viral load (number of SSaDV copies detected per mg of tissue) and prevalence (i.e., percentage of samples where SSaDV was detected) were higher in symptomatic than in the asymptomatic animals in all three species where b ...
... 286 individuals) and asymptomatic (n = 49 individuals) asteroids of 14 species. Viral load (number of SSaDV copies detected per mg of tissue) and prevalence (i.e., percentage of samples where SSaDV was detected) were higher in symptomatic than in the asymptomatic animals in all three species where b ...
Densovirus associated with sea-star wasting disease and mass
... 286 individuals) and asymptomatic (n = 49 individuals) asteroids of 14 species. Viral load (number of SSaDV copies detected per mg of tissue) and prevalence (i.e., percentage of samples where SSaDV was detected) were higher in symptomatic than in the asymptomatic animals in all three species where b ...
... 286 individuals) and asymptomatic (n = 49 individuals) asteroids of 14 species. Viral load (number of SSaDV copies detected per mg of tissue) and prevalence (i.e., percentage of samples where SSaDV was detected) were higher in symptomatic than in the asymptomatic animals in all three species where b ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
... The lack of integration of evolutionary principles is surprising given that infectious disease dynamics are an evolutionary interaction between two and more species: host(s) and pathogen(s) (Karesh et al. 2012). Hosts evolve to reduce the costs of infection in three ways: changing behaviours (e.g. a ...
... The lack of integration of evolutionary principles is surprising given that infectious disease dynamics are an evolutionary interaction between two and more species: host(s) and pathogen(s) (Karesh et al. 2012). Hosts evolve to reduce the costs of infection in three ways: changing behaviours (e.g. a ...
Chagas disease
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It is spread mostly by insects known as triatominae or kissing bugs. The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or local swelling at the site of the bite. After 8–12 weeks, individuals enter the chronic phase of disease and in 60–70% it never produces further symptoms. The other 30 to 40% of people develop further symptoms 10 to 30 years after the initial infection, including enlargement of the ventricles of the heart in 20 to 30%, leading to heart failure. An enlarged esophagus or an enlarged colon may also occur in 10% of people.T. cruzi is commonly spread to humans and other mammals by the blood-sucking ""kissing bugs"" of the subfamily Triatominae. These insects are known by a number of local names, including: vinchuca in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay, barbeiro (the barber) in Brazil, pito in Colombia, chinche in Central America, and chipo in Venezuela. The disease may also be spread through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, eating food contaminated with the parasites, and by vertical transmission (from a mother to her fetus). Diagnosis of early disease is by finding the parasite in the blood using a microscope. Chronic disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies for T. cruzi in the blood.Prevention mostly involves eliminating kissing bugs and avoiding their bites. Other preventative efforts include screening blood used for transfusions. A vaccine has not been developed as of 2013. Early infections are treatable with the medication benznidazole or nifurtimox. Medication nearly always results in a cure if given early, but becomes less effective the longer a person has had Chagas disease. When used in chronic disease, medication may delay or prevent the development of end–stage symptoms. Benznidazole and nifurtimox cause temporary side effects in up to 40% of people including skin disorders, brain toxicity, and digestive system irritation.It is estimated that 7 to 8 million people, mostly in Mexico, Central America and South America, have Chagas disease as of 2013. In 2006, Chagas was estimated to result in 12,500 deaths per year. Most people with the disease are poor, and most people with the disease do not realize they are infected. Large-scale population movements have increased the areas where Chagas disease is found and these include many European countries and the United States. These areas have also seen an increase in the years up to 2014. The disease was first described in 1909 by Carlos Chagas after whom it is named. It affects more than 150 other animals.