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EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES: Vol. 16, No. 4 • April 2010
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES: Vol. 16, No. 4 • April 2010

... health assessments was conducted successfully at 2 airports for 177 flights. Seventy-five percent of passengers who provided contact details were followed up, but few of those with symptoms were prepared to go to a laboratory for collection of a respiratory specimen. On the basis of preliminary anal ...
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... If the source patient can be identified, in the State of Arizona it is a law that the source patient must be asked to submit to blood tests for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV. With the rapid HIV testing now available, this reduces risk to the DHCW as the window for the drug prophylaxis can more ea ...
Introduction to Microbiology PowerPoint Lecture
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...  Risk of HBV transmission from carrier 10 – 35%. Health care workers high risk group.  The hepatitis B virus is 50 to 100 times more infectious than HIV.  HBV infection may be either acute (self-limiting) or chronic (long-standing). Persons with self-limiting infection clear the infection spontan ...
Trends in Infectious Disease Mortality in the United States During
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... economies, whereas chronic and neoplastic diseases account for 81.0%.3 Until recently, it was assumed that the epidemiologic transition had brought about a permanent reduction in infectious disease mortality in the United States. However, the emergence or reemergence in the 1980s of such diseases as ...
Emerging Infectious Diseases and Amphibian Population Declines
Emerging Infectious Diseases and Amphibian Population Declines

... population declines is striking. The data suggest that Batrachochytrium 1) may be endemic to these regions and the amphibian deaths and declines attributed to it have only recently been discovered; 2) may be endemic and has recently become pathogenic (e.g., through an increase in the organism’s prev ...
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... affordable access to those in need. Much concern has arisen in India’s transition in 2005 to implementing the World Trade Organization’s Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement under which the country recognized patents on pharmaceutical products. Prior to this transi ...
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... Despite being largely preventable and treatable, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to be a significant public health problem. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that there are almost 20 million new infections every year in the US1. Worldwide, the World Healt ...
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... of how to reproduce the virus, and stimulating the T cell to prepare for replication. Translation is the sixth step in which the instructions encoded on the messenger RNA lead to the creation of a protein chain. Seventh, a protease enzyme separates the protein chain into smaller segments. This is kn ...
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GUIDELINEFOREMPLOYEE EXPOSURE

... infectious agent or its toxic products that arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal, or reservoir to a susceptible host, either directly or indirectly through an intermediate host, vector, or the inanimate environment.  Communicable disease pathogen ...
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... drift (A, B) – a little change in H or N antigen, responsible for the yearly winter epidemics, infection with an epidemic strain provides antibody which will cross-react with closely related types and provides partial immunity to infection by slowly evolving types from year to year shift (A) – major ...
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Syndemic

A syndemic is the aggregation of two or more diseases in a population in which there is some level of positive biological interaction that exacerbates the negative health effects of any or all of the diseases. The term was developed and introduced by Merrill Singer in several articles in the mid-1990s and has since received growing attention and use among epidemiologists and medical anthropologists concerned with community health and the effects of social conditions on health, culminating in a recent textbook. Syndemics tend to develop under conditions of health disparity, caused by poverty, stress, or structural violence, and contribute to a significant burden of disease in affected populations. The term syndemic is further reserved to label the consequential interactions between concurrent or sequential diseases in a population and in relation to the social conditions that cluster the diseases within the population.The traditional biomedical approach to disease is characterized by an effort to diagnostically isolate, study, and treat diseases as if they were distinct entities that existed in nature separate from other diseases and independent of the social contexts in which they are found. This singular approach proved useful historically in focusing medical attention on the immediate causes and biological expressions of disease and contributed, as a result, to the emergence of targeted modern biomedical treatments for specific diseases, many of which have been successful. As knowledge about diseases has advanced, it is increasingly realized that diseases are not independent and that synergistic disease interactions are of considerable importance for prognosis. Given that social conditions can contribute to the clustering, form and progression of disease at the individual and population level, there is growing interest in the health sciences on syndemics.
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