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CHAPTER 5. Etiology and Contributing Factors
CHAPTER 5. Etiology and Contributing Factors

... When the oral hygiene was resumed and healthy gingival conditions re-established, the gingival flora returned to one of predominantly Gram-positive cocci and short rods. No vibrios or spirochetes were observed in health. Savitt and Socransky (1984) attempted to differentiate the composition of bacte ...
Varicella Zoster Virus Infection in Pregnancy
Varicella Zoster Virus Infection in Pregnancy

... Varicella is a highly contagious disease and affects nearly all susceptible children with an attack rate approaching 90% following a household exposure to the illness. Transmission occurs mainly via direct contact and through respiratory droplets that contain the virus, making the disease highly con ...
beta cells
beta cells

... • Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) > 126mg/dL† • Symptoms of diabetes plus casual plasma glucose concentration > 200 mg/dL* (3 Ps, wt loss) • 2 hr PG during Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (75 g OGTT) is > 200 mg/dL • A1C > 6.5% (NGSP) * Casual is defined as any time of day without regard to time since last ...
Benzodiazepine drug use and adverse respiratory outcomes among older adults with COPD
Benzodiazepine drug use and adverse respiratory outcomes among older adults with COPD

... Conflict of interest: Disclosures can be found alongside the online version of this article at erj.ersjournals.com Copyright ßERS 2014 ...
BTS/SIGN Asthma Guideline Quick Reference Guide 2014
BTS/SIGN Asthma Guideline Quick Reference Guide 2014

... There is a common perception amongst patients and carers that there are numerous environmental, dietary and other triggers of asthma and that avoiding these triggers will improve asthma and reduce the requirement for pharmacotherapy. Evidence that non-pharmacological management is effective can be d ...
The IDSA Lyme disease Guidelines - Infectious Diseases Society of
The IDSA Lyme disease Guidelines - Infectious Diseases Society of

... Macrolide antibiotics are not recommended as first-line therapy for early Lyme disease, because those macrolides that have been compared with other antimicrobials in clinical trials have been found to be less effective (E-I). When used, they should be reserved for patients who are intolerant of, or ...
Chapter 73: Acute otitis media in children
Chapter 73: Acute otitis media in children

... nasopharyngeal epithelium appears to be increased by certain viral infections. Increased colonization by pathogenic bacteria may predispose to AOM. Viral and bacterial infection coexist in the middle ear cleft in AOM in as many as two-thirds of cases where viruses have been identified. This is impor ...
19 Search Anti-Infective Agents, Local AND Catheterization
19 Search Anti-Infective Agents, Local AND Catheterization

... preventing catheter-related and catheter-associated infections. RECENT FINDINGS: A series of studies has confirmed, over the past few years, that education-based preventive programmes can reduce these infections by one half to two thirds. The evidence supporting some specific measures has increased ...
The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and
The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and

... (preferably from 11 center); from multiple time series studies; or from dramatic results from uncontrolled experiments Evidence from opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees ...
national guidelines for management of sexually transmitted and
national guidelines for management of sexually transmitted and

... Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and other Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) are highly prevalent in many communities worldwide. They cause considerable morbidity, while increasing the risk of acquiring HIV infection and are costly to the individual and the society in general. In Tanzania, ...
Canadian Tuberculosis Standards 7th Edition
Canadian Tuberculosis Standards 7th Edition

... Similarly, the incidence rate has been decreasing since it peaked at 141 cases per 100,000 population in 2002.3 In 2010, one-eighth of incident cases were coinfected with HIV, 82% of whom were in the African Region of the WHO.4 Furthermore, there were an estimated 1.4 million people who died as a re ...
Medication adherence and the risk of severe asthma exacerbations: a systematic review
Medication adherence and the risk of severe asthma exacerbations: a systematic review

... treatment is essential to optimise the benefits of therapy. Poor adherence has been associated with outcomes like mortality [6], asthma symptoms [7], direct and indirect costs of care [3] and quality of life [8]. In asthma, adherence to treatment tends to be poor, with rates of <50% in children [9] ...
Abstract Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Disease Treatment and
Abstract Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Disease Treatment and

... immune system that leads the body’s immune cells (antibodies) to attack their own joints (Tucker, 2011, 7). Inflamed joints are painful and warm to the touch because antibodies attack joint linings, such as the synovium, causing the lining to become thicker than normal and increasing the pressure wi ...
Rapid HIV Testing in Hospital Labor and Delivery
Rapid HIV Testing in Hospital Labor and Delivery

... 2. If the patient has had a previous test, the result is available and negative, and is not at risk for contracting HIV during the pregnancy, the patient will not be offered any further HIV testing. 3. If the patient has not had an HIV test during the current pregnancy, the result is not available, ...
Health Disparities in Endocrine Disorders
Health Disparities in Endocrine Disorders

... • Physical inactivity: NHBs, Native Americans, and Alaska Natives report less leisure-time physical activity than NHWs (10). Mexican-American women report less leisure-time physical activity than NHW and NHB women (10). There are sparse data currently on physical activity in Asian-American populatio ...
A hearing profile of persons infected with Maria de Lange
A hearing profile of persons infected with Maria de Lange

... DEPARTMENT: ...
No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... Evaluation of allergic inflammation in the upper and lower airways after bronchial challenge in nonasthmatic allergic rhinitis patients vs. controls (age range 18–31 years) T0= before challenge; T24=24 hours post-challenge *p<0.05; **p<0.01 Data presented as median ± range Adapted from Braunstahl G- ...
Asthma + allergic rhinitis
Asthma + allergic rhinitis

... Evaluation of allergic inflammation in the upper and lower airways after bronchial challenge in nonasthmatic allergic rhinitis patients vs. controls (age range 18–31 years) T0= before challenge; T24=24 hours post-challenge *p<0.05; **p<0.01 Data presented as median ± range Adapted from Braunstahl G- ...
6.1 Chapter 8-Pt 1 Infection and Immune Deficiencies
6.1 Chapter 8-Pt 1 Infection and Immune Deficiencies

... a permissive host cell. Adsorption - the virus must be able to bind to the surface of the host cell. Penetration into the cytoplasm - can occur by endocytosis (the host cell envelops the virus), viral envelope fusion with the host cell wall, or direct penetration of the cell membranes. The virus the ...
Infections and Immunodeficiencies
Infections and Immunodeficiencies

... a permissive host cell. Adsorption - the virus must be able to bind to the surface of the host cell. Penetration into the cytoplasm - can occur by endocytosis (the host cell envelops the virus), viral envelope fusion with the host cell wall, or direct penetration of the cell membranes. The virus the ...
Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Certification Review Guide: Primary
Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Certification Review Guide: Primary

... Substantial discounts on bulk quantities of Jones and Bartlett’s publications are available to corporations, professional associations, and other qualified organizations. For details and specific discount information, contact the special sales department at Jones and Bartlett via the above contact i ...
Seasonal Influenza in Adults and Children— Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis,
Seasonal Influenza in Adults and Children— Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis,

... of the evidence and the grade of recommendation (table 1) [6]. These guidelines apply to seasonal (interpandemic) influenza and not to avian or pandemic disease. Clinical management guidelines for sporadic human infections due to avian A (H5N1) viruses have been published by the World Health Organiz ...
Safety of falciparum malaria diagnostic strategy based on rapid
Safety of falciparum malaria diagnostic strategy based on rapid

... on RDT followed by immediate or delayed microscopy reading at first attendance was evaluated in one referral hospital in Switzerland. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the outpatient clinic and emergency ward of University Hospital, covering a period of eight years (1999–2007). The stu ...
Barriers to Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence
Barriers to Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence

... Adherence to the treatment regimen is essential to the success of highly active antiretroviral therapy for patients who are infected with HIV. The evidence suggests that poor adherence to antiretroviral drug therapy is a major problem that has the potential to diminish effective viral suppression, p ...
Seasonal Influenza in Adults and Children— Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis,
Seasonal Influenza in Adults and Children— Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis,

... death) presenting with acute febrile respiratory symptoms, within 5 days after illness onset, when virus is usually being shed Outpatient immunocompromised persons of any age presenting with febrile respiratory symptoms, irrespective of time since illness onset, because immunocompromised persons can ...
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Syndemic

A syndemic is the aggregation of two or more diseases in a population in which there is some level of positive biological interaction that exacerbates the negative health effects of any or all of the diseases. The term was developed and introduced by Merrill Singer in several articles in the mid-1990s and has since received growing attention and use among epidemiologists and medical anthropologists concerned with community health and the effects of social conditions on health, culminating in a recent textbook. Syndemics tend to develop under conditions of health disparity, caused by poverty, stress, or structural violence, and contribute to a significant burden of disease in affected populations. The term syndemic is further reserved to label the consequential interactions between concurrent or sequential diseases in a population and in relation to the social conditions that cluster the diseases within the population.The traditional biomedical approach to disease is characterized by an effort to diagnostically isolate, study, and treat diseases as if they were distinct entities that existed in nature separate from other diseases and independent of the social contexts in which they are found. This singular approach proved useful historically in focusing medical attention on the immediate causes and biological expressions of disease and contributed, as a result, to the emergence of targeted modern biomedical treatments for specific diseases, many of which have been successful. As knowledge about diseases has advanced, it is increasingly realized that diseases are not independent and that synergistic disease interactions are of considerable importance for prognosis. Given that social conditions can contribute to the clustering, form and progression of disease at the individual and population level, there is growing interest in the health sciences on syndemics.
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