setting the stage: phenotypic plasticity as habitat selection
... selection through plasticity to cues can influence the phenotypic expression of other characters, including important lifehistory characters. The shade avoidance response is a classic example of phenotypic plasticity in plants (Smith 1982; Casal and Smith 1989; Ballaré et al. 1990; Smith et al. 199 ...
... selection through plasticity to cues can influence the phenotypic expression of other characters, including important lifehistory characters. The shade avoidance response is a classic example of phenotypic plasticity in plants (Smith 1982; Casal and Smith 1989; Ballaré et al. 1990; Smith et al. 199 ...
Diversity in theWeapons of Sexual Selection: Horn Evolution in
... many of the dynastine “rhinoceros” beetles), it is branches of trees, or new shoots of bamboo; in other cases, it is localized wound sites with oozing sap on the sides of trees; and in still others, the fights occur inside tunnels, such as hollowed-out stems of sugar cane. Spatially restricted, defe ...
... many of the dynastine “rhinoceros” beetles), it is branches of trees, or new shoots of bamboo; in other cases, it is localized wound sites with oozing sap on the sides of trees; and in still others, the fights occur inside tunnels, such as hollowed-out stems of sugar cane. Spatially restricted, defe ...
Skipper/Millstein, “Evolutionary Mechanisms” - Philsci
... process of evolution includes all mechanisms of genetic change that occur in organisms through time, with special emphasis on those mechanisms that promote the adaptation of organisms to their environment or that lead to the formation of new, reproductively isolated species” (Hartl and Clark, 1989, ...
... process of evolution includes all mechanisms of genetic change that occur in organisms through time, with special emphasis on those mechanisms that promote the adaptation of organisms to their environment or that lead to the formation of new, reproductively isolated species” (Hartl and Clark, 1989, ...
Abstract The platypus is one of Earth`s most perplexing
... The venom is very similar to the venom found in some species of snakes, but further protein analysis shows that the two venoms have evolved separately due to convergent evolution (Whittington et al. 2008). Certain similar antimicrobial proteins have evolved into the toxic venom proteins not because ...
... The venom is very similar to the venom found in some species of snakes, but further protein analysis shows that the two venoms have evolved separately due to convergent evolution (Whittington et al. 2008). Certain similar antimicrobial proteins have evolved into the toxic venom proteins not because ...
Sexual selection in Fungi
... together to increase the fitness of the mycelium, and thereby increase their own and each other’s fitness. Because the two remain separate, one nucleus can also increase its own fitness, at a cost of fitness at the dikaryon level, as long as its increase in personal fitness sufficiently compensates ...
... together to increase the fitness of the mycelium, and thereby increase their own and each other’s fitness. Because the two remain separate, one nucleus can also increase its own fitness, at a cost of fitness at the dikaryon level, as long as its increase in personal fitness sufficiently compensates ...
Thinking About Evolutionary Mechanisms: Natural Selection
... process of evolution includes all mechanisms of genetic change that occur in organisms through time, with special emphasis on those mechanisms that promote the adaptation of organisms to their environment or that lead to the formation of new, reproductively isolated species” (Hartl and Clark, 1989, ...
... process of evolution includes all mechanisms of genetic change that occur in organisms through time, with special emphasis on those mechanisms that promote the adaptation of organisms to their environment or that lead to the formation of new, reproductively isolated species” (Hartl and Clark, 1989, ...
Drift and “Statistically Abstractive Explanation”
... Gould says, we have species-extinction due to drift. He means this as a BD-claim. Because of the small number of species, the probability of differential extinction was significant. Again, notice a strikingly odd implication of Gould’s argument. His claim is that when you view the parasite as attack ...
... Gould says, we have species-extinction due to drift. He means this as a BD-claim. Because of the small number of species, the probability of differential extinction was significant. Again, notice a strikingly odd implication of Gould’s argument. His claim is that when you view the parasite as attack ...
Four Pillars of Statisticalism
... MS-selection models arose out of the realization that D-selection models of evolution are incomplete. By the early 20th century, evolutionary biologists understood that one cannot explain and predict the magnitude and direction of evolutionary change in trait distribution solely from the survival an ...
... MS-selection models arose out of the realization that D-selection models of evolution are incomplete. By the early 20th century, evolutionary biologists understood that one cannot explain and predict the magnitude and direction of evolutionary change in trait distribution solely from the survival an ...
BMC Evolutionary Biology
... also exhibit male / female differentiation. Only matings between individuals of different mating type are allowed. Thus in mycelia that can function both as male and as female self-mating is prevented. Mating in such species is heterothallic, that is, always between different individuals. However, m ...
... also exhibit male / female differentiation. Only matings between individuals of different mating type are allowed. Thus in mycelia that can function both as male and as female self-mating is prevented. Mating in such species is heterothallic, that is, always between different individuals. However, m ...
Child Sexual Abuse: A Cursory Review of Risk and Protective
... involved in victimization and perpetration.9 In addition to the lack of understanding around risk factors, there is even less known about protective factors.10This dearth of knowledge limits the effectiveness of any primary prevention effort. Risk factors for child sexual abuse can be defined as cha ...
... involved in victimization and perpetration.9 In addition to the lack of understanding around risk factors, there is even less known about protective factors.10This dearth of knowledge limits the effectiveness of any primary prevention effort. Risk factors for child sexual abuse can be defined as cha ...
Psychological and Interpersonal Dimensions of Sexual Function and
... Main Outcome Measures: Systematic review of the literature with a focus on publications since 2010. Results: Our work as sexual medicine clinicians is essentially transdisciplinary, which involves not only the collaboration of multidisciplinary professionals but also the integration and application ...
... Main Outcome Measures: Systematic review of the literature with a focus on publications since 2010. Results: Our work as sexual medicine clinicians is essentially transdisciplinary, which involves not only the collaboration of multidisciplinary professionals but also the integration and application ...
Why Women Have Orgasms: An Evolutionary Analysis | SpringerLink
... traits that have no function (consider the many eyeless cavedwelling and deep sea creatures). These evolutionary processes also generally reduce the expression of sexually antagonistic byproducts, but strong selection for a trait in one sex can maintain its vestiges in the opposite sex. Consequently ...
... traits that have no function (consider the many eyeless cavedwelling and deep sea creatures). These evolutionary processes also generally reduce the expression of sexually antagonistic byproducts, but strong selection for a trait in one sex can maintain its vestiges in the opposite sex. Consequently ...
Why Women Have Orgasms: An Evolutionary Analysis
... traits that have no function (consider the many eyeless cavedwelling and deep sea creatures). These evolutionary processes also generally reduce the expression of sexually antagonistic byproducts, but strong selection for a trait in one sex can maintain its vestiges in the opposite sex. Consequently ...
... traits that have no function (consider the many eyeless cavedwelling and deep sea creatures). These evolutionary processes also generally reduce the expression of sexually antagonistic byproducts, but strong selection for a trait in one sex can maintain its vestiges in the opposite sex. Consequently ...
Selection against migrants contributes to the
... (benthic vs limnetic in lakes) about 5000 generations ago now show almost no gene flow in sympatry (Schluter, 2000; Taylor and McPhail, 2000; Hendry et al., 2001). Second, phytophagous insects that colonized new host plants 100–200 generations ago now exchange few genes with their sympatric ancestor ...
... (benthic vs limnetic in lakes) about 5000 generations ago now show almost no gene flow in sympatry (Schluter, 2000; Taylor and McPhail, 2000; Hendry et al., 2001). Second, phytophagous insects that colonized new host plants 100–200 generations ago now exchange few genes with their sympatric ancestor ...
Strong ecological but weak evolutionary effects of elevated CO
... 1987; Penuelas & Matamala, 1990; Radoglou & Jarvis, 1990, but see Körner, 1988). The magnitude of change in herbaria specimens is similar, however, to plastic responses to eCO2; therefore, genetic changes need not be invoked to explain the observed changes (Woodward, 1987, 1993). Third, plants from ...
... 1987; Penuelas & Matamala, 1990; Radoglou & Jarvis, 1990, but see Körner, 1988). The magnitude of change in herbaria specimens is similar, however, to plastic responses to eCO2; therefore, genetic changes need not be invoked to explain the observed changes (Woodward, 1987, 1993). Third, plants from ...
Fitness effects of thermal stress differ between outcrossing
... predicted to be fitter than offspring of selfing hermaphrodites (cf. Anderson et al. 2010). Altogether, this suggests that males should be easily lost from populations - which is supported by the results of experiments performed under standard laboratory conditions (Steward and Plillips 2002; Chasno ...
... predicted to be fitter than offspring of selfing hermaphrodites (cf. Anderson et al. 2010). Altogether, this suggests that males should be easily lost from populations - which is supported by the results of experiments performed under standard laboratory conditions (Steward and Plillips 2002; Chasno ...
Is Clothing Probative of Attitude or Intent
... contribute to attacks. Elizabeth Snead, Do Women's Clothes Invite Rape?, USA ToDAY, Apr. 19, 1990, at 6D. Most people who hold this view reported they had never personally known a rape victim. Id. Men and people over 55 were more likely than others to attribute some blame to the victim. Id. 7. See i ...
... contribute to attacks. Elizabeth Snead, Do Women's Clothes Invite Rape?, USA ToDAY, Apr. 19, 1990, at 6D. Most people who hold this view reported they had never personally known a rape victim. Id. Men and people over 55 were more likely than others to attribute some blame to the victim. Id. 7. See i ...
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS
... several years). Because teenagers and young adults demonstrate high risk sexual behavior due to unprotected intercourse, multiple-partners and the practice of serial monogamy, this group should be recognized as a population where seropositivity is likely to increase. Presently, only 1% of the AIDS c ...
... several years). Because teenagers and young adults demonstrate high risk sexual behavior due to unprotected intercourse, multiple-partners and the practice of serial monogamy, this group should be recognized as a population where seropositivity is likely to increase. Presently, only 1% of the AIDS c ...
Document
... which involves not only the collaboration of multidisciplinary professionals, but also the integration and application of new knowledge, and evaluation and subsequent revision of our practices, to ensure the highest level of care provided. There is scant literature on gender nonconforming children a ...
... which involves not only the collaboration of multidisciplinary professionals, but also the integration and application of new knowledge, and evaluation and subsequent revision of our practices, to ensure the highest level of care provided. There is scant literature on gender nonconforming children a ...
The Impact of Internet Pornography on Adolescents
... have studied it. The challenge in defining the term pornography was, perhaps, most famously described by the United States Supreme Court Associate Justice, Potter Stewart. In his concurring opinion in Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964), Justice Stewart described his effort to define hard core pornography whe ...
... have studied it. The challenge in defining the term pornography was, perhaps, most famously described by the United States Supreme Court Associate Justice, Potter Stewart. In his concurring opinion in Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964), Justice Stewart described his effort to define hard core pornography whe ...
Conceptual Barriers to Progress Within Evolutionary Biology
... a result, it is difficult or impossible for evolutionary biologists to describe changes in selection caused by niche-construction as evolutionarily causal. Instead, standard evolutionary theory is forced by its own explanatory reference device to “explain away” all observed instances of niche constr ...
... a result, it is difficult or impossible for evolutionary biologists to describe changes in selection caused by niche-construction as evolutionarily causal. Instead, standard evolutionary theory is forced by its own explanatory reference device to “explain away” all observed instances of niche constr ...
Clinical Guidelines for Sexual Health Care of Men who Have
... This chapter provides guidelines for the development of a health care environment that is welcoming and friendly for MSM and transgender people. It is a basic principle of health promotion to make health services accessible and acceptable to the community they serve.1 Many MSM and transgender people ...
... This chapter provides guidelines for the development of a health care environment that is welcoming and friendly for MSM and transgender people. It is a basic principle of health promotion to make health services accessible and acceptable to the community they serve.1 Many MSM and transgender people ...
Punctuated equilibrium in fact and theory
... 1974). In other words, we were told that our primary database contained virtually no examples of the phenomenon we wished to study. This odd situation created no cognitive dissonance within the field, for palaeontologists did have an explanation for why the phenomenon that regulated their record lef ...
... 1974). In other words, we were told that our primary database contained virtually no examples of the phenomenon we wished to study. This odd situation created no cognitive dissonance within the field, for palaeontologists did have an explanation for why the phenomenon that regulated their record lef ...
Recombination and loss of complementation
... and asexual forms, asexuals should, at least initially, have a strong advantage and should replace the sexuals. If sexual reproduction persists, it must have some shortterm advantage that counterbalances its two-fold cost. This is the ‘balance’ argument, put forward by Williams (1975). In other word ...
... and asexual forms, asexuals should, at least initially, have a strong advantage and should replace the sexuals. If sexual reproduction persists, it must have some shortterm advantage that counterbalances its two-fold cost. This is the ‘balance’ argument, put forward by Williams (1975). In other word ...
Sexual selection
Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where typically members of one gender choose mates of the other gender to mate with, called intersexual selection, and where females normally do the choosing, and competition between members of the same gender to sexually reproduce with members of the opposite sex, called intrasexual selection. These two forms of selection mean that some individuals have better reproductive success than others within a population either from being sexier or preferring sexier partners to produce offspring. For instance in the breeding season sexual selection in frogs occurs with the males first gathering at the water's edge and croaking. The females then arrive and choose the males with the deepest croaks and best territories. Generalizing, males benefit from frequent mating and monopolizing access to a group of fertile females. Females have a limited number of offspring they can have and they maximize the return on the energy they invest in reproduction.First articulated by Charles Darwin who described it as driving speciation and that many organisms had evolved features whose function was deleterious to their individual survival, and then developed by Ronald Fisher in the early 20th century. Sexual selection can lead typically males to extreme efforts to demonstrate their fitness to be chosen by females, producing secondary sexual characteristics, such as ornate bird tails like the peacock plumage, or the antlers of deer, or the manes of lions, caused by a positive feedback mechanism known as a Fisherian runaway, where the passing on of the desire for a trait in one sex is as important as having the trait in the other sex in producing the runaway effect. Although the sexy son hypothesis indicates that females would prefer male sons, Fisher's principle explains why the sex ratio is 1:1 almost without exception. Sexual selection is also found in plants and fungi.The maintenance of sexual reproduction in a highly competitive world has long been one of the major mysteries of biology given that asexual reproduction can reproduce much more quickly as 50% of offspring are not males, unable to produce offspring themselves. However, research published in 2015 indicates that sexual selection can explain the persistence of sexual reproduction.