EOC Item Spec Cards – K – NCESD
... LS1I: Meiosis, Fertilization, and Variation (2) Describe that the processes of recombination during meiosis (e.g., segregation, independent assortment) result in a unique combination of genetic information in the egg or sperm cell. ...
... LS1I: Meiosis, Fertilization, and Variation (2) Describe that the processes of recombination during meiosis (e.g., segregation, independent assortment) result in a unique combination of genetic information in the egg or sperm cell. ...
Effective population size and patterns of molecular evolution and
... The Wright–Fisher population. To see why Ne is so useful, we need to understand how genetic drift can be modelled in the simple case of a Wright–Fisher population1,16,17. This is a randomly mating population, consisting of a number of diploid hermaphroditic individuals (N). The population reproduces ...
... The Wright–Fisher population. To see why Ne is so useful, we need to understand how genetic drift can be modelled in the simple case of a Wright–Fisher population1,16,17. This is a randomly mating population, consisting of a number of diploid hermaphroditic individuals (N). The population reproduces ...
Can sexual selection theory inform genetic management of captive
... or endangered wild populations (Allendorf and Luikart 2007). Inbreeding arises because mating among relatives is more likely in small populations, and this allows the expression of recessive deleterious alleles (Charlesworth and Willis 2009). Genetic drift is the main process by which captive popula ...
... or endangered wild populations (Allendorf and Luikart 2007). Inbreeding arises because mating among relatives is more likely in small populations, and this allows the expression of recessive deleterious alleles (Charlesworth and Willis 2009). Genetic drift is the main process by which captive popula ...
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst
... Viruses, and in particular those having RNA as genetic material, are the most abundant parasites infecting animals, plants, and bacteria (Domingo & Holland 1997). Despite tremendous economical efforts, the number of eradicated viruses is quite limited and the perspectives for future eradications wou ...
... Viruses, and in particular those having RNA as genetic material, are the most abundant parasites infecting animals, plants, and bacteria (Domingo & Holland 1997). Despite tremendous economical efforts, the number of eradicated viruses is quite limited and the perspectives for future eradications wou ...
how does stress affect the strength of selection on
... stress can change the fraction of mutations that are deleterious, neutral, and beneficial ( pdel, pneu, and pben, respectively). This is an issue of major importance but one for which the data are quite limited (but see [7,8]). Many studies that we consider examine the aggregate effects of multiple ...
... stress can change the fraction of mutations that are deleterious, neutral, and beneficial ( pdel, pneu, and pben, respectively). This is an issue of major importance but one for which the data are quite limited (but see [7,8]). Many studies that we consider examine the aggregate effects of multiple ...
LEVELS OF SELECTION ARE ARTEFACTS OF DIFFERENT
... from a difference in fitness. Yet, not any sort of difference in fitness proxies is a good estimate of differences in fitness in the sense relevant to natural selection. To understand why, one can start by observing that no biologist would compare the reproductive output of a mouse with that of an e ...
... from a difference in fitness. Yet, not any sort of difference in fitness proxies is a good estimate of differences in fitness in the sense relevant to natural selection. To understand why, one can start by observing that no biologist would compare the reproductive output of a mouse with that of an e ...
UNIT II – PLANT DIVERSITY
... offspring, becomes more common in the population. If this process continues, eventually, all individuals in the population will be brown. If you have variation, differential reproduction, and heredity, you will have evolution by natural selection as an outcome. It is as simple as that. ...
... offspring, becomes more common in the population. If this process continues, eventually, all individuals in the population will be brown. If you have variation, differential reproduction, and heredity, you will have evolution by natural selection as an outcome. It is as simple as that. ...
Chapter 17 Evolution of Populations
... Populations and Gene Pools Genetic variation and evolution are both studied in populations. A population is a group of individuals of the same species that mate and produce offspring. Because members of a population interbreed, they share a common group of genes called a gene pool. A gene pool consi ...
... Populations and Gene Pools Genetic variation and evolution are both studied in populations. A population is a group of individuals of the same species that mate and produce offspring. Because members of a population interbreed, they share a common group of genes called a gene pool. A gene pool consi ...
Species range expansion by beneficial mutations
... survival of a beneficial mutation is necessary for adaptation and range expansion. Our goal in this paper is to model the expansion of species ranges that result from locally advantageous mutations. We begin our analysis by finding the survival probability of a mutation that occurs at a given locati ...
... survival of a beneficial mutation is necessary for adaptation and range expansion. Our goal in this paper is to model the expansion of species ranges that result from locally advantageous mutations. We begin our analysis by finding the survival probability of a mutation that occurs at a given locati ...
Evolutionary Theory
... Evolutionary scientists have just scratched the surface of understanding the nature, details, and design features of evolved psychological mechanisms Modern conditions are undoubtedly different from ancestral conditions in many ways, and so what was adaptive in the past might not be adaptive today C ...
... Evolutionary scientists have just scratched the surface of understanding the nature, details, and design features of evolved psychological mechanisms Modern conditions are undoubtedly different from ancestral conditions in many ways, and so what was adaptive in the past might not be adaptive today C ...
AP Biology Chapter 23 Worksheet Section A
... 36. Use wildflowers as an example to help you explain number 13. 37. Explain the concept of gene flow and what causes it. 38. Explain how gene flow reduces differences in populations. 39. Explain what a mutation is and how it can change the gene pool. 40. Does a single locus mutation have a measurab ...
... 36. Use wildflowers as an example to help you explain number 13. 37. Explain the concept of gene flow and what causes it. 38. Explain how gene flow reduces differences in populations. 39. Explain what a mutation is and how it can change the gene pool. 40. Does a single locus mutation have a measurab ...
NEO-DARWINISM: A LOOK AT THE ALLEGED GENETIC
... of organic evolution. If scientific creationism is mentioned at all (and it rarely is), it is regarded as a discarded theory of the pre-scientific era and is rejected because it “conflicts” with the laws of heredity and the “facts” of evolution. However, an unbiased examination of the Neo-Darwinian ...
... of organic evolution. If scientific creationism is mentioned at all (and it rarely is), it is regarded as a discarded theory of the pre-scientific era and is rejected because it “conflicts” with the laws of heredity and the “facts” of evolution. However, an unbiased examination of the Neo-Darwinian ...
Review Mitonuclear Ecology - Oxford Academic
... independently. Thus, strictly from the standpoint of promoting the cotransmission of coadapted N-mt and mt genes, N-mt genes should be positioned on the X chromosome (Rogell et al. 2014). However, recent studies have found that N-mt genes occur on X chromosomes less frequently than expected by chanc ...
... independently. Thus, strictly from the standpoint of promoting the cotransmission of coadapted N-mt and mt genes, N-mt genes should be positioned on the X chromosome (Rogell et al. 2014). However, recent studies have found that N-mt genes occur on X chromosomes less frequently than expected by chanc ...
Mar27-31
... daily and hourly scrutinising, throughout the world, every variation, even the slightest; rejecting that which is bad, preserving and adding up all that is good; silently and insensibly working, whenever and wherever opportunity offers, at the improvement of each organic being in relation to its org ...
... daily and hourly scrutinising, throughout the world, every variation, even the slightest; rejecting that which is bad, preserving and adding up all that is good; silently and insensibly working, whenever and wherever opportunity offers, at the improvement of each organic being in relation to its org ...
Biology - Milford Public Schools
... CT SDE Science Content Standards 10.1 - Fundamental life processes depend on the physical structure and the chemical activities of the cell. Most of the chemical activities of the cell are catalyzed by enzymes that function only in a narrow range of temperature and acidity conditions. The cellul ...
... CT SDE Science Content Standards 10.1 - Fundamental life processes depend on the physical structure and the chemical activities of the cell. Most of the chemical activities of the cell are catalyzed by enzymes that function only in a narrow range of temperature and acidity conditions. The cellul ...
Chapter 13
... Originally there were probably only a few resistant individuals. After several generations, the population will contain mostly resistant individuals. ...
... Originally there were probably only a few resistant individuals. After several generations, the population will contain mostly resistant individuals. ...
Mate-recognition and species boundaries in the ascomycetes
... however. There is phylogenetic evidence of introgression of MAT genes between non-sister species in Neurospora (Strandberg et al. 2010), and Fusarium (Martin et al. 2011b). In Ophiostoma, adaptive introgression of the MAT locus between species has occurred at least once, restoring sexuality to a sin ...
... however. There is phylogenetic evidence of introgression of MAT genes between non-sister species in Neurospora (Strandberg et al. 2010), and Fusarium (Martin et al. 2011b). In Ophiostoma, adaptive introgression of the MAT locus between species has occurred at least once, restoring sexuality to a sin ...
The Evolution of Multimeric Protein Assemblages R esearch article
... Although the mechanisms by which complex cellular features evolve constitute one of the great unsolved problems of evolutionary biology, it is clear that the emergence of new protein–protein interactions, often accompanied by the diversification of duplicate genes, is involved. Using information on ...
... Although the mechanisms by which complex cellular features evolve constitute one of the great unsolved problems of evolutionary biology, it is clear that the emergence of new protein–protein interactions, often accompanied by the diversification of duplicate genes, is involved. Using information on ...
Digestive, Excretory, and Circulatory Systems
... • As larvae develop a dorsal, hollow nerve cord and notochord • Somites found along each side of notochord • Tentacles by mouth act as sensory devices, and as a water filter • No eyes, or complex sensory structures ...
... • As larvae develop a dorsal, hollow nerve cord and notochord • Somites found along each side of notochord • Tentacles by mouth act as sensory devices, and as a water filter • No eyes, or complex sensory structures ...
Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
... Sex Differences in Desire for Sexual Variety Sex Differences in Mate Preferences ...
... Sex Differences in Desire for Sexual Variety Sex Differences in Mate Preferences ...
Evolutionary rescue by beneficial mutations in environments that
... But, the metaphor works equally well if ‘ecological’ and ‘evolutionary’ are transposed: evolution provides the phenotypic setting that determines how the demographic processes of survival and extinction unfold. A major (if subtle) shift in thinking about ecology and evolution over the past generatio ...
... But, the metaphor works equally well if ‘ecological’ and ‘evolutionary’ are transposed: evolution provides the phenotypic setting that determines how the demographic processes of survival and extinction unfold. A major (if subtle) shift in thinking about ecology and evolution over the past generatio ...
Evolutionary rescue by beneficial mutations in
... But, the metaphor works equally well if ‘ecological’ and ‘evolutionary’ are transposed: evolution provides the phenotypic setting that determines how the demographic processes of survival and extinction unfold. A major (if subtle) shift in thinking about ecology and evolution over the past generatio ...
... But, the metaphor works equally well if ‘ecological’ and ‘evolutionary’ are transposed: evolution provides the phenotypic setting that determines how the demographic processes of survival and extinction unfold. A major (if subtle) shift in thinking about ecology and evolution over the past generatio ...
genome structure and the benefit of sex
... together in hybrid zones, but in this article our models work with a single population (see Discussion). Other studies assessing the ability of sexual and asexual populations to traverse fitness valleys intrinsically depend on stochastic effects that move contra to selective gradients (famously, Wri ...
... together in hybrid zones, but in this article our models work with a single population (see Discussion). Other studies assessing the ability of sexual and asexual populations to traverse fitness valleys intrinsically depend on stochastic effects that move contra to selective gradients (famously, Wri ...
Mechanisms of Evolution
... random chance. It occurs if a population is not infinite in size. In populations that are not infinitely large, there will be random error in which alleles are passed from generation, and allele frequencies will change at random. Since no population is really infinitely large, there is always some g ...
... random chance. It occurs if a population is not infinite in size. In populations that are not infinitely large, there will be random error in which alleles are passed from generation, and allele frequencies will change at random. Since no population is really infinitely large, there is always some g ...
Evolution of sexual reproduction
The evolution of sexual reproduction describes how sexually reproducing animals, plants, fungi and protists evolved from a common ancestor that was a single celled eukaryotic species. There are a few species which have secondarily lost the ability to reproduce sexually, such as Bdelloidea and some parthenocarpic plants. The evolution of sex contains two related, yet distinct, themes: its origin and its maintenance. The maintenance of sexual reproduction in a highly competitive world has long been one of the major mysteries of biology given that asexual reproduction can reproduce much more quickly as 50% of offspring are not males, unable to produce offspring themselves. However, research published in 2015 indicates that sexual selection can explain the persistence of sexual reproduction.Since hypotheses for the origins of sex are difficult to test experimentally (outside of Evolutionary computation), most current work has focused on the maintenance of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction must offer significant fitness advantages to a species because despite the two-fold cost of sex, it dominates among multicellular forms of life, implying that the fitness of offspring produced outweighs the costs. Sexual reproduction derives from recombination, where parent genotypes are reorganized and shared with the offspring. This stands in contrast to single-parent asexual replication, where the offspring is identical to the parents. Recombination supplies two fault-tolerance mechanisms at the molecular level: recombinational DNA repair (promoted during meiosis because homologous chromosomes pair at that time) and complementation (also known as heterosis, hybrid vigor or masking of mutations). Sexual reproduction has probably contributed to the evolution of sexual dimorphism, where organisms within a species adopted different strategies of parental investment. Males adopt strategies with lower investment in individual gametes and may present a higher mutation rate, while females may invest more resources and serve to conserve better-adapted solutions.