Chapter 35: Kandel - krigolson teaching
... from a painful stimulus. Flexion-withdrawal is a protective reflex in which a discrete stimulus causes all the flexor muscles in that limb to contract coordinately. We know that this is a spinal reflex because it persists after complete transection of the spinal cord. The sensory signal activates di ...
... from a painful stimulus. Flexion-withdrawal is a protective reflex in which a discrete stimulus causes all the flexor muscles in that limb to contract coordinately. We know that this is a spinal reflex because it persists after complete transection of the spinal cord. The sensory signal activates di ...
MS word - University of Kentucky
... phase-out their response when the source of the stimulus (i.e. the CNS) continues the stimulation in an unchanged manner. Thus, they may fire a burst of signals initially, but quickly decrease their signals over time until no further signals are sent. In contrast, tonic-type neurons adapt slowly (if ...
... phase-out their response when the source of the stimulus (i.e. the CNS) continues the stimulation in an unchanged manner. Thus, they may fire a burst of signals initially, but quickly decrease their signals over time until no further signals are sent. In contrast, tonic-type neurons adapt slowly (if ...
Combined Nerve Palsy - Alpha Hand Surgery Centre
... • Resting cascade with index slightly more extended than middle and so on • Transfer proximal to carpal tunnel in distal 1/3 of forearm with ECRL rerouted around radial side of ...
... • Resting cascade with index slightly more extended than middle and so on • Transfer proximal to carpal tunnel in distal 1/3 of forearm with ECRL rerouted around radial side of ...
Functional Specialization Within the Cat Red Nucleus
... Fetz and Cheney (1980) developed the technique of spiketriggered averaging of electromyography (EMG) to detect functional relations between cellular activity and muscle activation. By synchronizing the EMG records to the activity of a single neuron it is possible, with sufficient averaging, to detec ...
... Fetz and Cheney (1980) developed the technique of spiketriggered averaging of electromyography (EMG) to detect functional relations between cellular activity and muscle activation. By synchronizing the EMG records to the activity of a single neuron it is possible, with sufficient averaging, to detec ...
The computational and neural basis of voluntary motor control and
... and is generated entirely by the spinal cord. Activity after 100ms has traditionally been viewed as ‘voluntary’, because movement-related EMG can be generated at this time from visual or somatosensory stimuli [40]. The time from 50 to 100 ms is termed the long latency response and involves both spi ...
... and is generated entirely by the spinal cord. Activity after 100ms has traditionally been viewed as ‘voluntary’, because movement-related EMG can be generated at this time from visual or somatosensory stimuli [40]. The time from 50 to 100 ms is termed the long latency response and involves both spi ...
L - Oxford Academic
... postsynaptic potentials evoked by that axon. Pre-synaptic and post-synaptic inhibition both occur, sometimes in the same muscle. The latter type is more common. Pre-synaptic inhibition is thought to be mediated by the action of an inhibitory transmitter-substance on receptors of the motor nerve term ...
... postsynaptic potentials evoked by that axon. Pre-synaptic and post-synaptic inhibition both occur, sometimes in the same muscle. The latter type is more common. Pre-synaptic inhibition is thought to be mediated by the action of an inhibitory transmitter-substance on receptors of the motor nerve term ...
That nagging pain in the bum
... The piriformis muscle has a unique, albeit very assorted, relationship with the sciatic nerve which is discussed later. Understanding the complete, although varied, anatomical relationship that the sciatic nerve has on the piriformis muscle may have a clinical importance in the cause and development ...
... The piriformis muscle has a unique, albeit very assorted, relationship with the sciatic nerve which is discussed later. Understanding the complete, although varied, anatomical relationship that the sciatic nerve has on the piriformis muscle may have a clinical importance in the cause and development ...
Spinal Cord-Evoked Potentials and Muscle Responses Evoked by
... maximum output of the stimulator (mean, 69 6 18%). The T for activation of the SCEP varied between 40 and 60% of the maximum output of the stimulator (mean, 49 6 7.5%). In three subjects, the D wave and the first I wave of the SCEP were recruited simultaneously. In one subject, the D, I1 , and I2 wa ...
... maximum output of the stimulator (mean, 69 6 18%). The T for activation of the SCEP varied between 40 and 60% of the maximum output of the stimulator (mean, 49 6 7.5%). In three subjects, the D wave and the first I wave of the SCEP were recruited simultaneously. In one subject, the D, I1 , and I2 wa ...
Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior
... whether the head is restrained or not). Neurons in the deeper layers of the SC are organized topographically into a motor map coding gaze shift direction and amplitude (Robinson 1972). Small-amplitude gaze shifts encoded in the rostral SC are generally accomplished by eye movements alone, whereas la ...
... whether the head is restrained or not). Neurons in the deeper layers of the SC are organized topographically into a motor map coding gaze shift direction and amplitude (Robinson 1972). Small-amplitude gaze shifts encoded in the rostral SC are generally accomplished by eye movements alone, whereas la ...
AANEM Glossary of Terms in Neuromuscular
... potentials in a neuron, axon or muscle fiber following the termination of an applied stimulus. 2) The continuation of firing of muscle action potentials after cessation of voluntary activation, for example in myotonia. afterpotential The membrane potential between the end of the spike and the time w ...
... potentials in a neuron, axon or muscle fiber following the termination of an applied stimulus. 2) The continuation of firing of muscle action potentials after cessation of voluntary activation, for example in myotonia. afterpotential The membrane potential between the end of the spike and the time w ...
Interactions Between Premotor and Motor Cortices in Non
... and these terminate mostly in the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord (He et al. 1993). This established view has recently been re-examined by Borra et al. (2010) which investigated in detail both brainstem and spinal targets of specific regions of PMv. Borra et al. (2010) confirmed by double ...
... and these terminate mostly in the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord (He et al. 1993). This established view has recently been re-examined by Borra et al. (2010) which investigated in detail both brainstem and spinal targets of specific regions of PMv. Borra et al. (2010) confirmed by double ...
Muscular System
... o A finesse muscle such as the eye or larynx muscles, will have a motor unit that controls only a few muscle fibers (about 10-20 eye, 2-3 larynx). ...
... o A finesse muscle such as the eye or larynx muscles, will have a motor unit that controls only a few muscle fibers (about 10-20 eye, 2-3 larynx). ...
Regional brain activation in conscious, nonrestrained
... To date, the majority of human studies in this field have used distension of the rectosigmoid colon [4,5,8,41,44,48,52,62], stomach [37,69], and esophagus [2,3,9,73]. Activation of the insular and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has been most consistently reported, with other brain regions, i ...
... To date, the majority of human studies in this field have used distension of the rectosigmoid colon [4,5,8,41,44,48,52,62], stomach [37,69], and esophagus [2,3,9,73]. Activation of the insular and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has been most consistently reported, with other brain regions, i ...
Acoustic-Motor Reflexes - Neurobiology of Hearing
... Although surprising, it may elicit an intimidatory stance towards attack by a predator ...
... Although surprising, it may elicit an intimidatory stance towards attack by a predator ...
pdf
... The supraclavicular nerves (medial, intermedial, lateral) originate from C3 and C4, then run beneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle to emerge at its posterior border. From there they descend beneath the Platysma and the deep cervical fascia to the posterior cervical triangle. They become subcutaneou ...
... The supraclavicular nerves (medial, intermedial, lateral) originate from C3 and C4, then run beneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle to emerge at its posterior border. From there they descend beneath the Platysma and the deep cervical fascia to the posterior cervical triangle. They become subcutaneou ...
Mechanism of relation among heart meridian, referred cardiac pain
... the rate and volume of ventilation were adjusted to maintain a normal acid:base equilibrium as assessed with a capnometer. Heart rate was monitored continuously and core temperature was ...
... the rate and volume of ventilation were adjusted to maintain a normal acid:base equilibrium as assessed with a capnometer. Heart rate was monitored continuously and core temperature was ...
Atonia-Related Regions in the Rodent Pons and Medulla
... present an analysis of the anatomical distribution of atonia-inducing stimulation sites in the brain stem of the rat. Muscle atonia could be elicited by electrical stimulation of the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis in the pons as well as the nuclei gigantocellularis, gigantocellularis ...
... present an analysis of the anatomical distribution of atonia-inducing stimulation sites in the brain stem of the rat. Muscle atonia could be elicited by electrical stimulation of the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis in the pons as well as the nuclei gigantocellularis, gigantocellularis ...
REFERRED MUSCLE PAIN/HYPERALGESIA AND CENTRAL
... The process of pain referral occurs constantly in visceral nociception. After a transitory phase in which visceral pain is in fact perceived as a direct symptom (the so-called ‘true visceral pain’, always felt along the midline, accompanied by marked neurovegetative signs and emotional reactions), t ...
... The process of pain referral occurs constantly in visceral nociception. After a transitory phase in which visceral pain is in fact perceived as a direct symptom (the so-called ‘true visceral pain’, always felt along the midline, accompanied by marked neurovegetative signs and emotional reactions), t ...
Common Input to Motor Neurons Innervating the Same and Different
... motor units were identified on the two electrodes, subjects sustained weak contractions of ED such that both units remained active. During the contractions, the forces exerted by individual fingers were not specified; rather, subjects were instructed to maintain the discharge of the two units at low ...
... motor units were identified on the two electrodes, subjects sustained weak contractions of ED such that both units remained active. During the contractions, the forces exerted by individual fingers were not specified; rather, subjects were instructed to maintain the discharge of the two units at low ...
the physiology of a lepidopteran muscle receptor
... Osborne & Finlayson, 1962). Lowenstein & Finlayson (i960) showed that the lepidopteran muscle receptor (MRO) signals both phasic and tonic parameters of imposed movements, and in a quantitative study of the same sense organ (Weevers, 19666) it was found that an individual MRO of a caterpillar provid ...
... Osborne & Finlayson, 1962). Lowenstein & Finlayson (i960) showed that the lepidopteran muscle receptor (MRO) signals both phasic and tonic parameters of imposed movements, and in a quantitative study of the same sense organ (Weevers, 19666) it was found that an individual MRO of a caterpillar provid ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Areas of the Skin Served By Single Spinal Nerves Dermatomes • Used to diagnose spinal cord injury ...
... Areas of the Skin Served By Single Spinal Nerves Dermatomes • Used to diagnose spinal cord injury ...
6 Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Muscles
... Important receptors in the lung and the upper respiratory tract provide afferent information to the respiratory centers. This information is used in normal ventilation as well as to initiate maneuvers such as sneezing and coughing that need to override the gas exchanging role of the ventilatory syst ...
... Important receptors in the lung and the upper respiratory tract provide afferent information to the respiratory centers. This information is used in normal ventilation as well as to initiate maneuvers such as sneezing and coughing that need to override the gas exchanging role of the ventilatory syst ...
Spinal Sensorimotor System: An Overview
... refers to immediate sharp pain (e.g. from touching something very hot; pricking does not imply that something mechanically stabs into the skin); burning pain refers to a constant aching, which would typically follow a pricking pain. Also, “cooling” and “warming” receptors are defined by the fact tha ...
... refers to immediate sharp pain (e.g. from touching something very hot; pricking does not imply that something mechanically stabs into the skin); burning pain refers to a constant aching, which would typically follow a pricking pain. Also, “cooling” and “warming” receptors are defined by the fact tha ...
Electromyography
Electromyography (EMG) is an electrodiagnostic medicine technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. EMG is performed using an instrument called an electromyograph, to produce a record called an electromyogram. An electromyograph detects the electrical potential generated by muscle cells when these cells are electrically or neurologically activated. The signals can be analyzed to detect medical abnormalities, activation level, or recruitment order, or to analyze the biomechanics of human or animal movement.