The Conditional Imminence of the Reserve Currency Transition
... preeminence as noted in the quote from Harold Wilson above. History provides at least two other very interesting examples of the use of reserve currency status by the United States for achieving noneconomic and economic objectives. The first relates to the Panamanian experience of the 1980s. Panama ...
... preeminence as noted in the quote from Harold Wilson above. History provides at least two other very interesting examples of the use of reserve currency status by the United States for achieving noneconomic and economic objectives. The first relates to the Panamanian experience of the 1980s. Panama ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES DEDUCTIONS FROM THE EXPORT BASKET: John Sutton
... on the country’s export basket. Call this weighted average the country’s ‘implied GDP per capita’. A country’s implied GDP per capita may be plotted against its actual GDP per capita and figure 4 below provides an example of such a ‘product-mix’ plot. Two features of the figure 4 product-mix diagram ...
... on the country’s export basket. Call this weighted average the country’s ‘implied GDP per capita’. A country’s implied GDP per capita may be plotted against its actual GDP per capita and figure 4 below provides an example of such a ‘product-mix’ plot. Two features of the figure 4 product-mix diagram ...
Structural Development Accounting - UZH
... paper is Caselli and Coleman (2006), who also decompose income using the aggregate production function (1). There are two main di¤erences, however. First, they back out the pair (AL ; AH ) using data on input, but also factor prices. On the contrary, our theoretical model delivers structural equatio ...
... paper is Caselli and Coleman (2006), who also decompose income using the aggregate production function (1). There are two main di¤erences, however. First, they back out the pair (AL ; AH ) using data on input, but also factor prices. On the contrary, our theoretical model delivers structural equatio ...
Optimal Monetary Policy in Open Economies
... long been inspired by a set of fascinating questions, shaping the policy debate in at least two eras of progressive cross-border integration of goods, factors, and assets markets — in the years after World War I and from Bretton Woods to today. Namely, should monetary policy respond to international ...
... long been inspired by a set of fascinating questions, shaping the policy debate in at least two eras of progressive cross-border integration of goods, factors, and assets markets — in the years after World War I and from Bretton Woods to today. Namely, should monetary policy respond to international ...
Export Promotion Agencies - Paris School of Economics
... From an economic perspective the argument for public funding of EPAs needs to be based on an assessment of the social costs and benefits associated with the activities of the EPA. Social benefits are likely to be larger than the social costs if there are large positive externalities associated with ...
... From an economic perspective the argument for public funding of EPAs needs to be based on an assessment of the social costs and benefits associated with the activities of the EPA. Social benefits are likely to be larger than the social costs if there are large positive externalities associated with ...
A simple method to switch endogenous and exogenous
... gains in global productivity will limit job creation, However, employment will generally grow. That all these mechanisms interact with each other, with generally expanding properties. For instance, FDI increases factor productivity which creates profitability and FDI. Or FDI creates exports and the ...
... gains in global productivity will limit job creation, However, employment will generally grow. That all these mechanisms interact with each other, with generally expanding properties. For instance, FDI increases factor productivity which creates profitability and FDI. Or FDI creates exports and the ...
PDF
... Developing countries, particularly those that depend heavily on a small number of agricultural exports, are vulnerable to domestic and international shocks. These countries often have difficulty achieving sustained economic growth. This analysis uses Malawi, a country that earns most of its foreign ...
... Developing countries, particularly those that depend heavily on a small number of agricultural exports, are vulnerable to domestic and international shocks. These countries often have difficulty achieving sustained economic growth. This analysis uses Malawi, a country that earns most of its foreign ...
GettinG the Balance riGht: transitioninG out of sustained
... found that reversals in these economies were more often brought about by terms-of-trade shocks than by domestic policies. For this reason, these episodes were excluded from the analysis. 9 Edwards (2004) reports that there are many more deficit economies than surplus ones. Moreover, he also finds th ...
... found that reversals in these economies were more often brought about by terms-of-trade shocks than by domestic policies. For this reason, these episodes were excluded from the analysis. 9 Edwards (2004) reports that there are many more deficit economies than surplus ones. Moreover, he also finds th ...
File - Georgia Test Practice
... they answer the three basic economic questions of what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. a. Compare command, market, and mixed economic systems with regard to private ownership, profit motive, consumer sovereignty, competition, and government regulation. Which of the following is ...
... they answer the three basic economic questions of what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. a. Compare command, market, and mixed economic systems with regard to private ownership, profit motive, consumer sovereignty, competition, and government regulation. Which of the following is ...
Who Can Explain the Mauritian Miracle
... One variable on which Mauritius scores highly is human capital: for example, life expectancy at birth (60.4 years) in the early 1970s was substantially higher in Mauritius than even in the fast growing economies of Asia. On most of the other variables however, Mauritius fares either more poorly than ...
... One variable on which Mauritius scores highly is human capital: for example, life expectancy at birth (60.4 years) in the early 1970s was substantially higher in Mauritius than even in the fast growing economies of Asia. On most of the other variables however, Mauritius fares either more poorly than ...
The rise of the BRIC countries and its impact on the Dutch
... on the Dutch economy. About 1.6 percent of Dutch employment and 1.7 percent of value added can be attributed to trade with the BRIC countries. This includes exports and Dutch re-exports which originate from the BRIC countries. The impact of the re-exports from the BRIC countries is modest; about 0.3 ...
... on the Dutch economy. About 1.6 percent of Dutch employment and 1.7 percent of value added can be attributed to trade with the BRIC countries. This includes exports and Dutch re-exports which originate from the BRIC countries. The impact of the re-exports from the BRIC countries is modest; about 0.3 ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES AN EVALUATION OF THEORY AND EVIDENCE B. Douglas Bernheim
... Efforts to measure the economic effects of deficits directly through aggregate data confront a number of problems which, taken ...
... Efforts to measure the economic effects of deficits directly through aggregate data confront a number of problems which, taken ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES STABILIZATION POLICIES IN OPEN ECONOMIES Richard C. Marston
... rather an economy integrated with those abroad through commodity and financial ...
... rather an economy integrated with those abroad through commodity and financial ...
Approaching storm. Report on transformation Central and Eastern Europe and the eurozone crisis
... waves of the current financial instability, are coming mainly from the eurozone, the CEE region faces two main risks. The first danger is that, as with all the emerging economies, CEE countries may easily become victims of a possible global financial panic and the resulting ‘flight to security’ behaviou ...
... waves of the current financial instability, are coming mainly from the eurozone, the CEE region faces two main risks. The first danger is that, as with all the emerging economies, CEE countries may easily become victims of a possible global financial panic and the resulting ‘flight to security’ behaviou ...
Paper: Institutions Rule - Peterson Institute for International Economics
... many other not-so-simple twists and turns of fate. But economists like parsimony. We want to know how well these simple stories do, not only on their own or collectively, but more importantly, vis-à-vis each other. How much of the astounding variation in cross-national incomes around the world can g ...
... many other not-so-simple twists and turns of fate. But economists like parsimony. We want to know how well these simple stories do, not only on their own or collectively, but more importantly, vis-à-vis each other. How much of the astounding variation in cross-national incomes around the world can g ...
Technology Transfer and the Restructuring of New Market
... The Keynesian type of adjustment is based more on domestic demand (consumption and investment) and export demand. With more or less sticky prices, the main mechanism operates through changing quantities. What determines the volume of output is the absolute technological advantage of a country, and t ...
... The Keynesian type of adjustment is based more on domestic demand (consumption and investment) and export demand. With more or less sticky prices, the main mechanism operates through changing quantities. What determines the volume of output is the absolute technological advantage of a country, and t ...
146s10_l18.pdf
... Think cannot repay its debts and therefore make them stop lending Leads to financial crisis. A large current account surplus can cause protectionist pressure Pressure on Japan in the 1980s and China in the 2000s Maintaining external balance means keeping the exchange rate competitive. Managing reser ...
... Think cannot repay its debts and therefore make them stop lending Leads to financial crisis. A large current account surplus can cause protectionist pressure Pressure on Japan in the 1980s and China in the 2000s Maintaining external balance means keeping the exchange rate competitive. Managing reser ...
Economic environment
... About one third of Nicaragua's merchandise exports goes to the United States (Chart I.3), and this proportion is set to increase when CAFTA enters into force. The second most important destination for Nicaraguan exports is still El Salvador (15 per cent of total merchandise exports in 2004, up from ...
... About one third of Nicaragua's merchandise exports goes to the United States (Chart I.3), and this proportion is set to increase when CAFTA enters into force. The second most important destination for Nicaraguan exports is still El Salvador (15 per cent of total merchandise exports in 2004, up from ...
I. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT (1) 1. Nicaragua has the lowest
... The burden of Nicaragua's total public debt (both external and domestic) remains very high, even though its solvency indicator (total debt/GDP) fell from 213.7 per cent in 2001 to 133.7 per cent in 2005.13 This improvement is explained in particular by a drastic cut in the level of foreign debt, in ...
... The burden of Nicaragua's total public debt (both external and domestic) remains very high, even though its solvency indicator (total debt/GDP) fell from 213.7 per cent in 2001 to 133.7 per cent in 2005.13 This improvement is explained in particular by a drastic cut in the level of foreign debt, in ...
Economic environment - World Trade Organization
... The burden of Nicaragua's total public debt (both external and domestic) remains very high, even though its solvency indicator (total debt/GDP) fell from 213.7 per cent in 2001 to 133.7 per cent in 2005.13 This improvement is explained in particular by a drastic cut in the level of foreign debt, in ...
... The burden of Nicaragua's total public debt (both external and domestic) remains very high, even though its solvency indicator (total debt/GDP) fell from 213.7 per cent in 2001 to 133.7 per cent in 2005.13 This improvement is explained in particular by a drastic cut in the level of foreign debt, in ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES TAX POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETATIVENESS Lawrence H. Summers
... and investment taxes treated here. I bypass these problems. The main conclusions of the formal analysis presented below may be motivated by considering the national income accounting identity S-I = X-M. This identity holds that the trade balance (X-M) must equal the excess of ...
... and investment taxes treated here. I bypass these problems. The main conclusions of the formal analysis presented below may be motivated by considering the national income accounting identity S-I = X-M. This identity holds that the trade balance (X-M) must equal the excess of ...
III. trade policies and practices by measure
... lines. The greater the differentials in tariff rates, especially within groups of similar and thus substitutable products, the higher the chance that consumer and producer decisions are distorted by the tariff structure. The implication is that very similar goods are often taxed at significantly dif ...
... lines. The greater the differentials in tariff rates, especially within groups of similar and thus substitutable products, the higher the chance that consumer and producer decisions are distorted by the tariff structure. The implication is that very similar goods are often taxed at significantly dif ...
Balance of trade
The commercial balance or net exports (sometimes symbolized as NX), is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period, measured in the currency of that economy. It is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports. A positive balance is known as a trade surplus if it consists of exporting more than is imported; a negative balance is referred to as a trade deficit or, informally, a trade gap. The balance of trade is sometimes divided into a goods and a services balance.