Trade barriers to growth in South Africa: Endogenous investment
... openness in South Africa needs to address imperfections at the domestic markets and possible negative effects of openness such as deindustrialization. The analysis concentrates on a tariff equivalent set to reproduce the actual foreign trade and growth path during 1960-2005. The effects of openness ...
... openness in South Africa needs to address imperfections at the domestic markets and possible negative effects of openness such as deindustrialization. The analysis concentrates on a tariff equivalent set to reproduce the actual foreign trade and growth path during 1960-2005. The effects of openness ...
A Brookings Macroeconomic Forum DO BUDGET DEFICITS
... for making some of these adjustments. Some of these adjustments matter a lot, some matter less, but they can all at various times, depending on conditions in the economy, be very important. One is the business cycle, or to use what CBO calls their standardized budget balance. That is pull out the cy ...
... for making some of these adjustments. Some of these adjustments matter a lot, some matter less, but they can all at various times, depending on conditions in the economy, be very important. One is the business cycle, or to use what CBO calls their standardized budget balance. That is pull out the cy ...
Outsourcing and Offshoring: Problems for Price and Productivity
... the focus of this paper is on foreign outsourcing, I note that the measurement issues are similar in cases of domestic outsourcing. The bias in input price indexes that results from switching sources for intermediate inputs is analogous to the outlet substitution noted in the literature pertaining ...
... the focus of this paper is on foreign outsourcing, I note that the measurement issues are similar in cases of domestic outsourcing. The bias in input price indexes that results from switching sources for intermediate inputs is analogous to the outlet substitution noted in the literature pertaining ...
PDF
... since the lifting of the ban on rice imports in 1995, tariffs have been majorly used; both increases and decreases. Inconsistencies in trade policies have been identified severally in the literature as a disincentive to domestic rice production, rice farmers’ welfare and attainment of rice self suff ...
... since the lifting of the ban on rice imports in 1995, tariffs have been majorly used; both increases and decreases. Inconsistencies in trade policies have been identified severally in the literature as a disincentive to domestic rice production, rice farmers’ welfare and attainment of rice self suff ...
PDF - La Follette School of Public Affairs
... competition model—that the volume of bilateral trade per production will be larger as two trading countries are more similar in GDP and more symmetric in production structure—is supported by the data for both OECD and non-OECD countries, not only for the differentiatedsector trade but also for aggr ...
... competition model—that the volume of bilateral trade per production will be larger as two trading countries are more similar in GDP and more symmetric in production structure—is supported by the data for both OECD and non-OECD countries, not only for the differentiatedsector trade but also for aggr ...
Economic Development in Africa
... structural adjustment programmes have been applied more intensely and frequently in Africa than in any other developing region, barely any African country has exited from such programmes with success, establishing conditions for rapid, sustained economic growth. This is true not only for countries w ...
... structural adjustment programmes have been applied more intensely and frequently in Africa than in any other developing region, barely any African country has exited from such programmes with success, establishing conditions for rapid, sustained economic growth. This is true not only for countries w ...
The financial crisis and sizable international reserves
... (oilex/gdp). It is measured as a country’s net oil export level in 2005 (by 1000 barrels per day) divided by its GDP. The third variable is the primary products export ratio (prim2export), defined as the value of fuel and non-fuel primary products export, divided by total exports.5 ...
... (oilex/gdp). It is measured as a country’s net oil export level in 2005 (by 1000 barrels per day) divided by its GDP. The third variable is the primary products export ratio (prim2export), defined as the value of fuel and non-fuel primary products export, divided by total exports.5 ...
research paper series No Miracles Here: Trade Policy, Fiscal Policy and
... (1995). However, when a difference-in-difference approach is used and trade liberalising countries are compared to those that remained closed to international trade we find that the post trade liberalisation growth rate is not significantly different to that before trade liberalisation. Given that R ...
... (1995). However, when a difference-in-difference approach is used and trade liberalising countries are compared to those that remained closed to international trade we find that the post trade liberalisation growth rate is not significantly different to that before trade liberalisation. Given that R ...
Banking and the Endogenous Money Supply as viewed from a
... But above all, the fact that money is endogenous. For any good or asset, if quantities are endogenous, prices must be exogenous, and the converse. Thus, if money is endogenous, the interest rate must be exogenous. This will never be accepted by neoclassical economists, as their theory of pric ...
... But above all, the fact that money is endogenous. For any good or asset, if quantities are endogenous, prices must be exogenous, and the converse. Thus, if money is endogenous, the interest rate must be exogenous. This will never be accepted by neoclassical economists, as their theory of pric ...
China Turn Into the Largest Market in the World
... • Let country ij denote country i in income-percapita group j. Each group j has nj countries. Drop the assumption that each country is in equilibrium, but assume all of them are of the same trade volume size, we have the net exports of country ij be determined by its real exchange rate against the e ...
... • Let country ij denote country i in income-percapita group j. Each group j has nj countries. Drop the assumption that each country is in equilibrium, but assume all of them are of the same trade volume size, we have the net exports of country ij be determined by its real exchange rate against the e ...
Economic integration in Latin America
... economic union or FTAs tend to trade three times more with each other than with non-member countries (see Rose and Wincoop, 2001) The existence of similar business fluctuations or business cycle synchronization is considered a necessary condition for the harmonization of economic policies and instit ...
... economic union or FTAs tend to trade three times more with each other than with non-member countries (see Rose and Wincoop, 2001) The existence of similar business fluctuations or business cycle synchronization is considered a necessary condition for the harmonization of economic policies and instit ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES
... per capita income gap between the North and China narrows from 64.4 in 1990 to 10.6 in 2009 when calculated at market exchange rates, from 57.2 to 13.1 using constant 2000 USD, and from 23.4 to 5.5 over the same time using purchasing power parity (constant 2005 international $) ...
... per capita income gap between the North and China narrows from 64.4 in 1990 to 10.6 in 2009 when calculated at market exchange rates, from 57.2 to 13.1 using constant 2000 USD, and from 23.4 to 5.5 over the same time using purchasing power parity (constant 2005 international $) ...
Tariff and on-Tariff Barriers to Wine Exports and Initiatives to Reduce
... academic literature, reports of governmental bodies and national government websites. Section 4, proposes a reclassification of export flows aimed at evaluating the level of exposure to trade barriers, focusing on international wine trade in the period 2004-2010. The data source is the Global Trade ...
... academic literature, reports of governmental bodies and national government websites. Section 4, proposes a reclassification of export flows aimed at evaluating the level of exposure to trade barriers, focusing on international wine trade in the period 2004-2010. The data source is the Global Trade ...
Firm Entry, Trade, and Welfare in Zipf`s World
... one particular characteristic of the economy – the distribution of firm size. The most striking fact about the firm size distribution is that it is extremely fat tailed. Several studies have documented that it follows a power law with an exponent close to −1, a result known as Zipf’s Law.2 The liter ...
... one particular characteristic of the economy – the distribution of firm size. The most striking fact about the firm size distribution is that it is extremely fat tailed. Several studies have documented that it follows a power law with an exponent close to −1, a result known as Zipf’s Law.2 The liter ...
Regional Trade Integrations: A Comparative Study
... trade agreements, either within the regions or with countries outside the region, were signed by individual countries in each region. ...
... trade agreements, either within the regions or with countries outside the region, were signed by individual countries in each region. ...
On the Measurement of Product Variety in Trade
... Notice that the output shares in (6), for each country, are measured relative to the common set of goods I. Then the weights in (5) are the logarithmic mean of the shares s ita (I t ) and s itb (I t ) , and sum to unity over the set of goods i ∈ I t .2 The first term on the right of (4) is the price ...
... Notice that the output shares in (6), for each country, are measured relative to the common set of goods I. Then the weights in (5) are the logarithmic mean of the shares s ita (I t ) and s itb (I t ) , and sum to unity over the set of goods i ∈ I t .2 The first term on the right of (4) is the price ...
Non-tariff measures on the automobile industry
... Figure 3: GDP impact of reducing NTMs in ASEAN automobile industry, 2025 ............................... 8 Figure 4: Impact of partial liberalisation on key macroeconomic variables, 2025 .............................. 9 Figure 5: Impact of full liberalisation on key macroeconomic variables, 2025 ... ...
... Figure 3: GDP impact of reducing NTMs in ASEAN automobile industry, 2025 ............................... 8 Figure 4: Impact of partial liberalisation on key macroeconomic variables, 2025 .............................. 9 Figure 5: Impact of full liberalisation on key macroeconomic variables, 2025 ... ...
Refugees and “Missing” Arms Trade Gaia Narciso (Trinity College Dublin & IIIS
... paper Fisman and Wei (2009) analyze the smuggling of antiques and cultural products and provide evidence of the existence of a correlation between the level of corruption of the exporting country and the level of art smuggling. This relation is greater for countries that are well endowed in export r ...
... paper Fisman and Wei (2009) analyze the smuggling of antiques and cultural products and provide evidence of the existence of a correlation between the level of corruption of the exporting country and the level of art smuggling. This relation is greater for countries that are well endowed in export r ...
Why Do More Open Economies Have Bigger Governments?
... evidence in favor of each of these propositions. I also provide a simple general-equilibrium model that clarifies how government consumption can alleviate exposure to external risk under certain plausible conditions. An important precursor to this paper is a study by David Cameron published in 1978 ...
... evidence in favor of each of these propositions. I also provide a simple general-equilibrium model that clarifies how government consumption can alleviate exposure to external risk under certain plausible conditions. An important precursor to this paper is a study by David Cameron published in 1978 ...
Trade in Goods and Services and Economic Growth
... economy (defined as the situation where the real interest rate is constant over time). The latter’s aim is to explain the rise in the relative price of services vis-a-vis manufacturing, which results from the assumption that manufacturing is more capital intensive sector. ...
... economy (defined as the situation where the real interest rate is constant over time). The latter’s aim is to explain the rise in the relative price of services vis-a-vis manufacturing, which results from the assumption that manufacturing is more capital intensive sector. ...
#24 AP Deficits(FINA#F2593D
... regularly use the full-employment budget. Deficits can have varying effects on the economy, depending on how they are financed. One way to finance the deficit is to borrow from individuals in businesses. When this happens, the government absorbs savings, which would have been invested in other ways. ...
... regularly use the full-employment budget. Deficits can have varying effects on the economy, depending on how they are financed. One way to finance the deficit is to borrow from individuals in businesses. When this happens, the government absorbs savings, which would have been invested in other ways. ...
Refugees and Refugees and ““““M M
... paper Fisman and Wei (2009) analyze the smuggling of antiques and cultural products and provide evidence of the existence of a correlation between the level of corruption of the exporting country and the level of art smuggling. This relation is greater for countries that are well endowed in export r ...
... paper Fisman and Wei (2009) analyze the smuggling of antiques and cultural products and provide evidence of the existence of a correlation between the level of corruption of the exporting country and the level of art smuggling. This relation is greater for countries that are well endowed in export r ...
Production Possibilities (cont.)
... • Even though skilled labor becomes relatively more expensive, in panel (b) producers in both sectors respond to the skill-biased technological change by increasing their employment of skilled workers relative to unskilled workers. – The trade explanation in panel (a) predicts an opposite response f ...
... • Even though skilled labor becomes relatively more expensive, in panel (b) producers in both sectors respond to the skill-biased technological change by increasing their employment of skilled workers relative to unskilled workers. – The trade explanation in panel (a) predicts an opposite response f ...
Balance of trade
The commercial balance or net exports (sometimes symbolized as NX), is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period, measured in the currency of that economy. It is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports. A positive balance is known as a trade surplus if it consists of exporting more than is imported; a negative balance is referred to as a trade deficit or, informally, a trade gap. The balance of trade is sometimes divided into a goods and a services balance.