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Applying Data Mining Techniques to Discover Patterns in Context
Applying Data Mining Techniques to Discover Patterns in Context

... Still, it is not always feasible to fully use the possibilities given. This is mainly because the efficiency of how one uses mobile learning platform hardly depends on each individual’s environment (e.g. location, time of the day), his mental state and possibilities of devices that he or she uses. A ...
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... A considerable portion of data in the real world contains some degree of uncertainty [3], due to factors such as limitations in measuring equipment, partial responses or interpolation [5] [13]. An example of this could be a remote sensor network or location-based tracking system [42]. There have bee ...
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... too massive. In these situations, the information must be processed and mined as the data arrives. While this new research area, namely data stream mining, shares many similarities with database mining, it also poses unique challenges and requirements discussed in Section 5.4. The progress made by D ...
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K-nearest neighbors algorithm



In pattern recognition, the k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm (or k-NN for short) is a non-parametric method used for classification and regression. In both cases, the input consists of the k closest training examples in the feature space. The output depends on whether k-NN is used for classification or regression: In k-NN classification, the output is a class membership. An object is classified by a majority vote of its neighbors, with the object being assigned to the class most common among its k nearest neighbors (k is a positive integer, typically small). If k = 1, then the object is simply assigned to the class of that single nearest neighbor. In k-NN regression, the output is the property value for the object. This value is the average of the values of its k nearest neighbors.k-NN is a type of instance-based learning, or lazy learning, where the function is only approximated locally and all computation is deferred until classification. The k-NN algorithm is among the simplest of all machine learning algorithms.Both for classification and regression, it can be useful to assign weight to the contributions of the neighbors, so that the nearer neighbors contribute more to the average than the more distant ones. For example, a common weighting scheme consists in giving each neighbor a weight of 1/d, where d is the distance to the neighbor.The neighbors are taken from a set of objects for which the class (for k-NN classification) or the object property value (for k-NN regression) is known. This can be thought of as the training set for the algorithm, though no explicit training step is required.A shortcoming of the k-NN algorithm is that it is sensitive to the local structure of the data. The algorithm has nothing to do with and is not to be confused with k-means, another popular machine learning technique.
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