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Name_______________________ Period___________ Chapter
Name_______________________ Period___________ Chapter

... What are genetically modified organisms, and why are they controversial? An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism. Advocates of cautious approach toward GM crops fear that transgenic plants might pass their new genes to close relatives ...
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Chapter 20: Biotechnology - Staff Web Sites @ BBHCSD

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Genetics & Inheritance - Parma City School District

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molecular_gene_cloning_restriction

... To incorporate fragments of foreign DNA into a cloning vector, methods for cutting and rejoining of single stranded DNA are necessary. The identification of restriction endonucleases in the 1960s and early 1970s and the recognition that these enzymes act as “molecular scissors”, always cutting DNA a ...
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... Selective toxicity: easier to find agents toxic to prokaryotic cells (bacteria) that do not harm eukaryotic hosts than to find agents toxic to eukaryotic pathogens (fungi, protozoans, helmiths) Theraputic index: toxicity; lowest dose toxic to patient divided by dose used for therapy (if highÆless to ...
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... Richkind K, Hromas R, Lytle C, Crenshaw D, Velasco J, Roherty S, Srinivasiah J, Varella-Garcia M. Identification of two new translocations that disrupt the AML1 gene. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2000 Oct 15;122(2):141-3 ...
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Artificial gene synthesis

Artificial gene synthesis is a method in synthetic biology that is used to create artificial genes in the laboratory. Currently based on solid-phase DNA synthesis, it differs from molecular cloning and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in that the user does not have to begin with preexisting DNA sequences. Therefore, it is possible to make a completely synthetic double-stranded DNA molecule with no apparent limits on either nucleotide sequence or size. The method has been used to generate functional bacterial or yeast chromosomes containing approximately one million base pairs. Recent research also suggests the possibility of creating novel nucleobase pairs in addition to the two base pairs in nature, which could greatly expand the possibility of expanding the genetic code.Synthesis of the first complete gene, a yeast tRNA, was demonstrated by Har Gobind Khorana and coworkers in 1972. Synthesis of the first peptide- and protein-coding genes was performed in the laboratories of Herbert Boyer and Alexander Markham, respectively.Commercial gene synthesis services are now available from numerous companies worldwide, some of which have built their business model around this task. Current gene synthesis approaches are most often based on a combination of organic chemistry and molecular biological techniques and entire genes may be synthesized ""de novo"", without the need for precursor template DNA. Gene synthesis has become an important tool in many fields of recombinant DNA technology including heterologous gene expression, vaccine development, gene therapy and molecular engineering. The synthesis of nucleic acid sequences is often more economical than classical cloning and mutagenesis procedures.
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