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E. coli
E. coli

... http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha-lactose-from-xtal-3D-balls.png ...
Cells are exposed to DNA damaging agents that can affect their
Cells are exposed to DNA damaging agents that can affect their

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Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering

...  By changing which proteins are produced, genetic engineers can affect the overall traits of the organism.  Genetic modification can be completed by a number of different methods: • Inserting new genetic material randomly or in targeted locations • Direct replacement of genes (recombination) • Rem ...
Five Genes Help Form a Face
Five Genes Help Form a Face

... Kayser in the future on finding more facial genes. "It is likely that there are many hundreds or thousands of these variants," each having a small influence on the face, she says. That many more genes are involved, each contributing a little bit toward building the face, means that "this is just fir ...
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... • This continues all the way along the molecule until two new DNA molecules (double helices) are formed, each is an exact replica of the original DNA molecule because of the base pairing rules. • This process is known as semi-conservative replication. • Each new DNA molecule consists of one conserve ...
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... in first year on 'Cells, Genes & Microbes' I was hooked. I knew Genetics was for me. What could be more interesting than finding the answers to questions about life itself? How did we evolve from single celled organisms? How does incredibly stable DNA give rise to highly dynamic organisms? How do ge ...
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... peptide bond between the first and second amino acids— methionine and phenylalanine. At the same time, the bond holding the first tRNA molecule to its amino acid is broken. ...
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... sex chromosome; come in pairs. Sex chromosomes- Come in pairs also, but there are two types, X & Y. For humans, the Y chromosome is the “determining factor” as it determines whether or not the embryo is male or female. ...
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1 - contentextra

... DNA from RNA. Using reverse transcriptase, molecular biologists have made therapeutic proteins such as insulin. First, a human DNA molecule with its introns is taken from a pancreas cell. Next, mRNA copies the DNA without its introns. Reverse transcriptase, working backward, produces a new single-st ...
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Artificial gene synthesis

Artificial gene synthesis is a method in synthetic biology that is used to create artificial genes in the laboratory. Currently based on solid-phase DNA synthesis, it differs from molecular cloning and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in that the user does not have to begin with preexisting DNA sequences. Therefore, it is possible to make a completely synthetic double-stranded DNA molecule with no apparent limits on either nucleotide sequence or size. The method has been used to generate functional bacterial or yeast chromosomes containing approximately one million base pairs. Recent research also suggests the possibility of creating novel nucleobase pairs in addition to the two base pairs in nature, which could greatly expand the possibility of expanding the genetic code.Synthesis of the first complete gene, a yeast tRNA, was demonstrated by Har Gobind Khorana and coworkers in 1972. Synthesis of the first peptide- and protein-coding genes was performed in the laboratories of Herbert Boyer and Alexander Markham, respectively.Commercial gene synthesis services are now available from numerous companies worldwide, some of which have built their business model around this task. Current gene synthesis approaches are most often based on a combination of organic chemistry and molecular biological techniques and entire genes may be synthesized ""de novo"", without the need for precursor template DNA. Gene synthesis has become an important tool in many fields of recombinant DNA technology including heterologous gene expression, vaccine development, gene therapy and molecular engineering. The synthesis of nucleic acid sequences is often more economical than classical cloning and mutagenesis procedures.
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