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Democracy as it Should Be
Democracy as it Should Be

... from power plants 30% by 2030. The world we've known may be coming to an end, but it's not because of EPA regulations to cut carbon. We are presently on course to increase global temperature by 4 degrees Celsius within the next three or four generations, perhaps sooner. According to climate expert K ...
(CCS) and Climate Change Mitigation
(CCS) and Climate Change Mitigation

... reduction: while climate science suggests that substantial CO2 reduction (i.e., more than half the current human emissions) might be necessary worldwide in the long term, many national governments are currently facing gridlock in meeting even the very modest emission targets of the Kyoto Protocol. A ...
Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the
Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the

... and (ii) the atmospheric and climatic conditions influencing the CO2 response continue to change with time. The GWP adopted for the first commitment period of the Kyoto protocol (2008–2012) (UNFCCC, 1997, 1998) and used for reporting under the UNFCCC (UNFCCC, 2002) are given by the SAR (Schimel et a ...
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Mitigating climate change through reductions in greenhouse gas emissions: the science and economics of future paths for global annual emissions (1 MB) (opens in new window)
Mitigating climate change through reductions in greenhouse gas emissions: the science and economics of future paths for global annual emissions (1 MB) (opens in new window)

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The Emissions Gap Report 2013 www.unep.org
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The Contours of Cap and Trade: The Evolution of Emissions Trading

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Optimal Dynamic Carbon Taxes in a Climate

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SOUTH AFRICA - Initial National Communication under the

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Carbon governance in England

The reduction of carbon emissions, along with other greenhouse gases (GHGs), has become a vitally important task of international, national and local actors. If we understand governance as the creation of “conditions for ordered rule and collective action” then, given the fact that the reduction of carbon emissions will require concerted collective action, it follows that the governance of carbon will be of paramount concern. We have seen numerous international conferences over the past 20 years tasked with finding a way of facilitating this, and while international agreements have been infamously difficult to reach, action at the national level has been much more effective. In the UK, the Climate Change Act 2008 committed the government to meeting significant carbon reduction targets. In England, these carbon emissions are governed using numerous different instruments, which involve a variety of actors. While it has been argued by authors like Rhodes that there has been a “hollowing out” of the nation state, and that governments have lost their capabilities to govern to a variety of non-state actors and the European Union, the case of carbon governance in England actually runs counter to this. The government body responsible for the task, the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), is the “main external dynamic” behind governing actions in this area, and “rather than hollowing out (there has actually been a strengthening of) central co-ordination”. The department may rely on other bodies to deliver its desired outcomes, but it is still ultimately responsible for the imposition of the rules and regulations that “steer (carbon) governmental action at the national level”. It is therefore evident that carbon governance in England is hierarchical in nature, in that “legislative decisions and executive decisions” are the main dynamic behind carbon governance action. This does not deny the existence of a network of bodies around DECC who are part of the process, but they are supplementary actors who are steered by central decisions. This article focuses on carbon governance in England as the other countries of the UK (Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) all have devolved assemblies who are responsible for the governance of carbon emissions in their respective countries.
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