![Turn Down The heaT: why a 4°C warmer worlD musT Be avoiDeD](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/016564321_1-001a7d20600ab1aeb9c037e73af8cb68-300x300.png)
Turn Down The heaT: why a 4°C warmer worlD musT Be avoiDeD
... and we can likely hold warming below 2°C. Without further commitments and action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the world is likely to warm by more than 3°C above the preindustrial climate. Even with the current mitigation commitments and pledges fully implemented, there is roughly a 20 percent ...
... and we can likely hold warming below 2°C. Without further commitments and action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the world is likely to warm by more than 3°C above the preindustrial climate. Even with the current mitigation commitments and pledges fully implemented, there is roughly a 20 percent ...
Turn Down - Climate Analytics
... and we can likely hold warming below 2°C. Without further commitments and action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the world is likely to warm by more than 3°C above the preindustrial climate. Even with the current mitigation commitments and pledges fully implemented, there is roughly a 20 percent ...
... and we can likely hold warming below 2°C. Without further commitments and action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the world is likely to warm by more than 3°C above the preindustrial climate. Even with the current mitigation commitments and pledges fully implemented, there is roughly a 20 percent ...
Is atmospheric carbon dioxide removal a game changer for climate
... most optimistic DAC cost estimate up to the removal of 12 GtCO2e per year and then increase rapidly due to bioenergy supply limitations. Processing 200 EJ of biomass generates approx. 18 GtCO2 which amounts to 13.5–16.5 GtCO2 of stored carbon for capture rates ranging between 75 and 90 %. At this ma ...
... most optimistic DAC cost estimate up to the removal of 12 GtCO2e per year and then increase rapidly due to bioenergy supply limitations. Processing 200 EJ of biomass generates approx. 18 GtCO2 which amounts to 13.5–16.5 GtCO2 of stored carbon for capture rates ranging between 75 and 90 %. At this ma ...
Simulating effects of land use changes on carbon fluxes: past
... such simulations, since no correction is made for the increasing area under cultivation, where carbon turnover is faster and sink capacity reduced compared to area covered by forests (Gitz and Ciais, 2004). This limitation can be overcome by endogenous modelling of LULUC processes based on spatially ...
... such simulations, since no correction is made for the increasing area under cultivation, where carbon turnover is faster and sink capacity reduced compared to area covered by forests (Gitz and Ciais, 2004). This limitation can be overcome by endogenous modelling of LULUC processes based on spatially ...
Policy indexes – what do they tell us and what are their applications? The case of climate policy and business planning in emerging markets: Working Paper 88 (678 kB) (opens in new window)
... performances, as well evidenced in the discussion about accounting for intangibles such as wellbeing or trust, and measuring non-monetized societal benefits such as eco-system services. This paper does not intend to add to the continuously growing literature (see for example Pearce, Atkinson, & Mour ...
... performances, as well evidenced in the discussion about accounting for intangibles such as wellbeing or trust, and measuring non-monetized societal benefits such as eco-system services. This paper does not intend to add to the continuously growing literature (see for example Pearce, Atkinson, & Mour ...
A CARBON EMISSIONS TAX AS A MITIGATING STRATEGY FOR
... committed itself to the objective of limiting the rise in global average temperature to no more than 2 degrees Celsius (°C) above pre-industrial levels to prevent further interference of GHGs on the climate. ...
... committed itself to the objective of limiting the rise in global average temperature to no more than 2 degrees Celsius (°C) above pre-industrial levels to prevent further interference of GHGs on the climate. ...
Abstract Book The Human Side of Climate Change Bergen 16
... The experience of an extreme event can serve to open up spaces for reflection upon the nature of the event, the underpinning causes, the immediate responses and effects on longer-term decision making. Extreme events are sometimes perceived as ‘unusual’ and infrequent within the lifespan of an indivi ...
... The experience of an extreme event can serve to open up spaces for reflection upon the nature of the event, the underpinning causes, the immediate responses and effects on longer-term decision making. Extreme events are sometimes perceived as ‘unusual’ and infrequent within the lifespan of an indivi ...
Climate impact on airborne particulate matter concentrations in
... The National Ambient Air Quality Standard for annualaverage PM2.5 is currently 15 µg m−3 and the more stringent California State Air Quality Standard for annual-average PM2.5 is currently 12 µg m−3 . Despite the adoption of a more stringent state standard, annual average PM2.5 concentrations measure ...
... The National Ambient Air Quality Standard for annualaverage PM2.5 is currently 15 µg m−3 and the more stringent California State Air Quality Standard for annual-average PM2.5 is currently 12 µg m−3 . Despite the adoption of a more stringent state standard, annual average PM2.5 concentrations measure ...
STRUCTURE OF THE INDC
... Thus public sector dominates the economy, accounting for more than half of estimated gross domestic product (GDP). The general level of demand is largely determined by the government’s recurrent budget, half of which is funded by access license fees paid by foreign fishing vessels to catch tuna in K ...
... Thus public sector dominates the economy, accounting for more than half of estimated gross domestic product (GDP). The general level of demand is largely determined by the government’s recurrent budget, half of which is funded by access license fees paid by foreign fishing vessels to catch tuna in K ...
Proposal on synthetic air pollution pressure indicators
... 2. Devising Synthetic Pressure Indicators to Assess Different Air Pollution Problems In this section we draw up synthetic pressure indicators based on emissions of pollutant gases directly or indirectly associated with the problems mentioned above, with a view to assessing and classifying countries ...
... 2. Devising Synthetic Pressure Indicators to Assess Different Air Pollution Problems In this section we draw up synthetic pressure indicators based on emissions of pollutant gases directly or indirectly associated with the problems mentioned above, with a view to assessing and classifying countries ...
Restoration of peatlands and greenhouse gas balances
... climate effect of peatland restoration, peat growth alone is not suf¿cient as an indicator, as the exchange of climatically relevant trace gases rules the climate effect. A systematic overview on the exchange of greenhouse gases in restored peatlands is not available as direct measurements of gas em ...
... climate effect of peatland restoration, peat growth alone is not suf¿cient as an indicator, as the exchange of climatically relevant trace gases rules the climate effect. A systematic overview on the exchange of greenhouse gases in restored peatlands is not available as direct measurements of gas em ...
Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and
... Basic understanding of the problem thus remains superficial and vulnerable to frequent revision.26–28 Today, after more than 20 years of scientific progress and a much greater scientific consensus,29,30 public climate change communication is no longer just a match between ‘dueling experts.’ Media pr ...
... Basic understanding of the problem thus remains superficial and vulnerable to frequent revision.26–28 Today, after more than 20 years of scientific progress and a much greater scientific consensus,29,30 public climate change communication is no longer just a match between ‘dueling experts.’ Media pr ...
Sea-level rise and climate change
... managers adapting to climate change and sea-level rise. This online tool, known as CoastAdapt, provides information on all aspects of coastal adaptation as well as a decision support framework. It can be accessed at www.coastadapt.com.au. Coastal adaptation encompasses many disciplines ranging from ...
... managers adapting to climate change and sea-level rise. This online tool, known as CoastAdapt, provides information on all aspects of coastal adaptation as well as a decision support framework. It can be accessed at www.coastadapt.com.au. Coastal adaptation encompasses many disciplines ranging from ...
PDF
... Basic understanding of the problem thus remains superficial and vulnerable to frequent revision.26–28 Today, after more than 20 years of scientific progress and a much greater scientific consensus,29,30 public climate change communication is no longer just a match between ‘dueling experts.’ Media pr ...
... Basic understanding of the problem thus remains superficial and vulnerable to frequent revision.26–28 Today, after more than 20 years of scientific progress and a much greater scientific consensus,29,30 public climate change communication is no longer just a match between ‘dueling experts.’ Media pr ...
Australia`s carbon budget based on global effort sharing
... WWF Australia now aims to build on this report in presenting the implications of the attribution of such global carbon budget to Australia on its future emissions target pathway, taking into account recent developments and potentially delayed action until 2020. The main research questions are: ...
... WWF Australia now aims to build on this report in presenting the implications of the attribution of such global carbon budget to Australia on its future emissions target pathway, taking into account recent developments and potentially delayed action until 2020. The main research questions are: ...
Climate policy under sustainable discounted utilitarianism
... of (i) removing sensitivity to the interests of the present if the present is better off than the future and (ii) relaxing to the set of non-decreasing streams the property that the trade-off between wellbeing in the first two periods be separable from the remainder of the stream. Regarding (i), th ...
... of (i) removing sensitivity to the interests of the present if the present is better off than the future and (ii) relaxing to the set of non-decreasing streams the property that the trade-off between wellbeing in the first two periods be separable from the remainder of the stream. Regarding (i), th ...
Climate Change Adaptation for Smallholder Farmers in Southeast Asia
... 1.1 What is climate change? Climate change, defined as any change in the average daily weather pattern over an extended period of time (typically decades or longer) whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (Easterling et al. 2007, IPCC 2007a), is happening now, and is alre ...
... 1.1 What is climate change? Climate change, defined as any change in the average daily weather pattern over an extended period of time (typically decades or longer) whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (Easterling et al. 2007, IPCC 2007a), is happening now, and is alre ...
NO. EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION, Plaintiff, v. CLAUDE EARL
... Attorney General Walker’s outsourcing of the Virgin Islands’ “investigation” to Defendants Cohen Milstein and Singer, likely on a contingency-fee basis. Walker’s purported delegation to Cohen Milstein and Singer deprives ExxonMobil of due process of law and fundamental fairness. For more than a deca ...
... Attorney General Walker’s outsourcing of the Virgin Islands’ “investigation” to Defendants Cohen Milstein and Singer, likely on a contingency-fee basis. Walker’s purported delegation to Cohen Milstein and Singer deprives ExxonMobil of due process of law and fundamental fairness. For more than a deca ...
Feedback Dynamics, Sensitivity - Apollo-Gaia
... Change in the dynamic thermal equilibrium of the Planet Planet earth exists in a state of dynamic thermal equilibrium with its environment. Energy received at its surface (from geo-thermal and solar sources) is dynamically balanced by energy transmitted through its atmosphere and radiated to space. ...
... Change in the dynamic thermal equilibrium of the Planet Planet earth exists in a state of dynamic thermal equilibrium with its environment. Energy received at its surface (from geo-thermal and solar sources) is dynamically balanced by energy transmitted through its atmosphere and radiated to space. ...
Monitoring and evaluating climate change adaptation and
... and Development (IIED) and partners have been developing an approach known as Tracking, Adaptation and Measuring Development (TAMD) that assesses whether climate change adaptation and risk reduction are keeping development on track and whether costs and benefits are rationally distributed. TAMD has ...
... and Development (IIED) and partners have been developing an approach known as Tracking, Adaptation and Measuring Development (TAMD) that assesses whether climate change adaptation and risk reduction are keeping development on track and whether costs and benefits are rationally distributed. TAMD has ...
Impacts of thermohaline circulation shutdown in the twenty
... When greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations are held fixed at levels typical of the late 19th century (‘pre-industrial’ era), the model’s net radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere is close to zero. HadCM3 does not require flux adjustment to maintain a stable climate under these pre-industri ...
... When greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations are held fixed at levels typical of the late 19th century (‘pre-industrial’ era), the model’s net radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere is close to zero. HadCM3 does not require flux adjustment to maintain a stable climate under these pre-industri ...
Mexico`s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy
... vision, principles, goals, and main lines of action to build a climate resilient society transition towards a low emissions development. This is in line with the global goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2ºC, with additional efforts for the more ambitious 1. ...
... vision, principles, goals, and main lines of action to build a climate resilient society transition towards a low emissions development. This is in line with the global goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2ºC, with additional efforts for the more ambitious 1. ...
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2011_logo.png?width=300)
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty (currently the only international climate policy venue with broad legitimacy, due in part to its virtually universal membership) negotiated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. The objective of the treaty is to ""stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"".The treaty itself set no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. In that sense, the treaty is considered legally non-binding. Instead, the treaty provides a framework for negotiating specific international treaties (called ""protocols"") that may set binding limits on greenhouse gases.The UNFCCC was adopted on 9 May 1992, and opened for signature on 4 June 1992, after an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee produced the text of the Framework Convention as a report following its meeting in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992. It entered into force on 21 March 1994. As of March 2014, UNFCCC has 196 parties.The parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was concluded and established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The 2010 Cancún agreements state that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level. The 20th COP took place in Peru in 2014.One of the first tasks set by the UNFCCC was for signatory nations to establish national greenhouse gas inventories of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals, which were used to create the 1990 benchmark levels for accession of Annex I countries to the Kyoto Protocol and for the commitment of those countries to GHG reductions. Updated inventories must be regularly submitted by Annex I countries.The UNFCCC is also the name of the United Nations Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the Convention, with offices in Haus Carstanjen, and UN Campus [known as: Langer Eugen] Bonn, Germany. From 2006 to 2010 the head of the secretariat was Yvo de Boer. On 17 May 2010, Christiana Figueres from Costa Rica succeeded de Boer. The Secretariat, augmented through the parallel efforts of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), aims to gain consensus through meetings and the discussion of various strategies.