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Chapter5 The Structure and Functionof Macromolecules Discussion
Chapter5 The Structure and Functionof Macromolecules Discussion

... 12. Distinguish between a protein and a polypeptide. 13. Explain how a peptide bond forms between two amino acids. 14. List and describe the four major components of an amino acid. Explain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the R group. 15. Explain wh ...
The Organic Macromolecules of Life
The Organic Macromolecules of Life

... Proteins More than one half of the dry weight of your body is made of proteins. Proteins are large, complex molecules composed of many smaller molecules called amino acids. Amino acids have an amino group on one end, an R group, and a carboxyl group on the other end. An amino group consists of one n ...
Outline05 Enzymes - Napa Valley College
Outline05 Enzymes - Napa Valley College

... - regulation of enzyme via covalent binding of a chemical group - usually involves addition of phosphate group which activates the enzyme E (inactive enzyme) + ATP → E~P (active enzyme) + ADP - protein kinase enzymes catalyze phosphorylation of other enzymes; important in cell signaling b. allosteri ...
7.016 Problem Set 1 - MIT OpenCourseWare
7.016 Problem Set 1 - MIT OpenCourseWare

... 50kD. However, this enzyme in its active form has a molecular weight of 250KD. Why might the active form of Enzyme E1 be heavier than the product encoded by its corresponding gene? ...
Macs Notes
Macs Notes

...  All of the examples listed above are polymers of glucose! So if they are all made of only glucose how are they different?  They differ in the way the glucose molecules are attached. Cellulose and chitin are STRUCTURAL polymers made with one type of glucose. Glycogen and starch are ENERGY polymers ...
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Amino acid a

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... CTP is the product of this pathway and it is also a precursor for the synthesis of DNA and RNA (nucleic acids). The rapid synthesis of DNA and/or RNA depletes the CTP pool in the cell, causing CTP to be released from ATCase and increasing its activity. When the activity of ATCase is greater than th ...
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... Monosaccharides are single sugar units. They are the building blocks of carbohydrates. Each monosaccharide is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a formula of C6H12O6 or C5H12O5. There are different kinds of monosaccharide molecules. They are different because their atoms are arranged differe ...
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Basic organic chemistry of important macromolecules (Lecture 11-12)

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Carbon-Based Molecules
Carbon-Based Molecules

... point on the hexagon represents a glucose are both sugars that have six carbon atoms. The carbon, except the point that has sugar that you might use in the kitchen is made of two sugar an O, for oxygen. molecules bonded together. Many glucose molecules bonded together form polymers such as starch an ...
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Amino acid substitution and protein structure

... A viable mutation that changes a protein so that the amino acid that was at some location becomes another amino acid ...
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GO C1 Common Substances Essential To Living Things

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Peptide bond Polypeptide

... variable group R is another H atom. But there are 20 different amino acids which are naturally-occurring, and they all have different structures around the R group. There are other amino acids (in fact, thousands more) but these have all been manufactured artificially, and only those 20 occur natura ...
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Chapter 02 The Molecules of Life
Chapter 02 The Molecules of Life

... tails; thereby, introducing a number of double bonds between the carbon atoms. 2. The double bonds would physically put a kink in the long chain of carbons. This kink would not allow the molecules to associate in a manner necessary to produce a solid. In essence, the molecules would not pack togethe ...
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Lecture Notes

... • Three-dimensional arrangement of amino acids with the polypeptide chain in a corkscrew shape • Held by __________ between the H of –N-H group and the –O of C=O of the fourth amino acid along the chain ...
Name:______________________________
Name:______________________________

... [HA]=[AT]/(1+R) [A-]=[AT]R/(1+R) R=[A-]/[HA] Beer’s law: A=ε[X]l Amino Acid Names: Alanine: Ala Arginine: Arg Asparagine: Asn Aspartic Acid: Asp Cystine: Cys Glycine: Gly Histindine: His Glutamine: Gln Glutamic Acid: Glu ...
Topic 4: Biochemistry and Marcomolecules
Topic 4: Biochemistry and Marcomolecules

Basic amino acid in the pathogenesis of caries
Basic amino acid in the pathogenesis of caries

... Arginine and histidine are conditionally conside­ red essential amino acids in childhood, because of increaed requirements or diminished synthesis needed for nitrogen balance maintenance. The­ refore, their intake in nutrition is very important (10). Later in life, histidine also plays an impor­ tan ...
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Webquest
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Webquest

... i. Describe the composition of the tiny ribosome organelle: b. Messenger RNA (mRNA) – c. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – Step 2: What is protein synthesis? Use an internet search engine (like Google) to help you answer these questions: 1. What is the definition of protein synthesis? 2. What is the process of ...
Investigation of the enzymatic processes depending on the ty
Investigation of the enzymatic processes depending on the ty

... Some metabolic processes are regulated by enzymes that exist in different molecular forms - isoenzymes Isoenzymes - multiple forms of an enzyme which differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same reaction Isoenzymes can differ in:  kinetics,  regulatory properties,  the form of coenzyme the ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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