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(January 2005).
(January 2005).

... Available ...
Plasma Enzymes
Plasma Enzymes

... These are enzymes that catalyze transfer of a chemical group from one compound to another. They include: A- Transaminases These are enzymes that catalyze transfer of amino group (-NH2) from amino acid to α-keto acid producing new amino acid and new keto acid e.g. i- Alanine transaminase (ALT): It is ...
b-Oxidation of fatty acids
b-Oxidation of fatty acids

... 3. Possible ergogenic aid but can cause an unpleasant body odour likened to rotting fish. 4. Improves memory of old rats (PNAS 99, 1876-81 (2002)) Biochemistry 1. Increases carnitine content, carries activated fatty acids across mitochondrial membrane and required for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidat ...
coupling membrane
coupling membrane

... 4) the oxidation of reduced cofactors by oxygen forming water and releasing energy (respiratory electron transfer) 5) the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate using energy released during electron transfer (oxidative phosphorylation) There is also transamination of amino-acids to produce acetyl c ...
1 Enzymes – Enzyme Mechanism
1 Enzymes – Enzyme Mechanism

... Intermediate 3 ...
Enzymes – Enzyme Mechanism
Enzymes – Enzyme Mechanism

... • Two catalytic modes based on binding properties can each increase reaction rates over 10,000-fold : (1) Proximity effect - collecting and positioning substrate molecules in the active site (2) Transition-state (TS) stabilization - transition states bind more tightly than substrates ...
Lecture 4 - Muscle Metabolism
Lecture 4 - Muscle Metabolism

... – Diffuses into bloodstream – Used as fuel by liver, kidneys, and heart – Converted back into pyruvic acid or glucose by liver ...
B2 Protein structure and function
B2 Protein structure and function

Selecton: a server for detecting evolutionary forces at a single amino
Selecton: a server for detecting evolutionary forces at a single amino

... the Selecton server and the results were projected on the 3D structure (Fig. 1). Purifying selection is evident in the three known functional regions identified previously (Loeb et al., 1989). These domains include: (1) an active-site loop (residues 22–33) including the Asp–Thr–Gly catalytic triad, ...
Chapter 6 Exploring the ability of α-L-fucose
Chapter 6 Exploring the ability of α-L-fucose

... linkage. If an α-L-fucose-specific lectin can recognize ligands in a β-linked S-,N-fucosylated glycopeptide library, then these structures could be used as potential anti-adhesion therapeutics that have a high biostability and specificity for the interaction under investigation. Here, the preparatio ...
Functional lipidomics of oxidized products from polyunsaturated fatty
Functional lipidomics of oxidized products from polyunsaturated fatty

... Another important oxygenation pathway of PUFA is distinct from dioxygenase-dependent and enzyme-independent peroxidation by using monoxygenases that require cytochrome P450. Those monooxygenases may hydroxylate the substrate, making a primary (omega oxidation) or secondary alcohol, or making an epox ...
C1. The start codon begins at the fifth nucleotide. The amino acid
C1. The start codon begins at the fifth nucleotide. The amino acid

... C11. An anticodon that was 3′–UUG–5′ would recognize the two codons. To recognize 5′–AAA–3′, it would have to be modified to 3′–UUI–5′. C12. All tRNA molecules have some basic features in common. They all have a cloverleaf structure with three stemloop structures. The second stem-loop contains the a ...
Document
Document

... C11. An anticodon that was 3–UUG–5 would recognize the two codons. To recognize 5–AAA–3, it would have to be modified to 3–UUI–5. C12. All tRNA molecules have some basic features in common. They all have a cloverleaf structure with three stemloop structures. The second stem-loop contains the a ...
integumentary amino acid transport and metabolism in the apodous
integumentary amino acid transport and metabolism in the apodous

... number of biologically important processes, factors which affect the composition of the free amino acid pool and the concentrations of its individual amino acids may have profound effects upon the organism as a whole. One factor which might influence the cellular free amino acid pool of aquatic anim ...
1. phylum: firmicutes - Fermentation-SN
1. phylum: firmicutes - Fermentation-SN

... (dextro rotary), whereas others produce the L-form (left or levo rotary). The reason for these differences lies in the stereospecificities of the lactic dehydrogenase enzyme itself. Some species produce enzymes that make both D- and L-forms, resulting in a racemic mixture of the two. ▪ Lactic acid b ...
Natural abundance of 15N in amino acids and
Natural abundance of 15N in amino acids and

Chapter 5- Enzymes
Chapter 5- Enzymes

... 5. Some enzymes involved in hydrolysis cannot function without the help of sodium ions. Sodium in this case functions as A. A substrate B. A cofactor ...
Nutritional Requirements in Fermentation
Nutritional Requirements in Fermentation

... additional organic compounds as nutrients. These additional organic nutrients are called growth factors and have a purely biosynthetic function, being required as precursors of certain organic cell constituents that the organism is unable to synthesize. Most microorganisms that depend on organic car ...
Enzymes
Enzymes

... A. Competitive inhibition • This type of inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds reversibly to the same site that the substrate would normally occupy and, therefore, competes with the substrate for that site. 1. Effect on Vmax: • The effect of a competitive inhibitor is reversed by increasing [S ...
Document
Document

... Polyprotic systems-acids or bases can donate or accept more than one proton. Diprotic systems (with two acidic or basic sites). ...
Organization: The 6 Essential Elements
Organization: The 6 Essential Elements

... There are several types of lipids, but all contain subunits of glycerol and fatty acids made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It is different from a carbohydrate because of the ratio and because the smaller units do not link together to form a chemical chain ...
Regulation of Glycolysis - Valdosta State University
Regulation of Glycolysis - Valdosta State University

... – Fructose 6-phosphate inhibits this process • Hexokinase IV not affected by glucose 6phosphate as the other isozymes are ...
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

... group attached to the α-carbon. Each amino acid has unique characteristics arising from the size, shape, solubility, and ionization properties of its R group. As a result, the side chains of amino acids exert a profound effect on the structure and biological activity of proteins. Although amino acid ...
9c63$$mr30 Black separation
9c63$$mr30 Black separation

... small fragment of the polypeptide. We hypothesize that cystalysin is a pyridoxal-5-phosphatecontaining enzyme with the activity of an aC-N and bC-S lyase (cystathionase). Since high amounts of H2S have been reported in deep periodontal pockets, this metabolic enzyme from T. denticola may also functi ...
Metabolism
Metabolism

... 1. glycolysis is the anaerobic stage and does not require oxygen. 2. the krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle and chemiosmosis requires the use of oxygen. When there is no oxygen present, the cell is able to use only glycolysis and the process in which the cell recycles the NAD+ required in glycolys ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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