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A VLSI reconfigurable network of integrate–and–fire neurons with
A VLSI reconfigurable network of integrate–and–fire neurons with

... measurable effect on the spiking frequency of a post-synaptic neuron. Conversely, for a potentiated synapse pre–synaptic spikes affect the post–synaptic firing rate. Figure 4(a) shows the coefficient of variation (CV) of one post–synaptic neuron measured while stimulating the STDP synapse. If the av ...
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... 0.1 due to STDP. At the maximal weight, each spike would have a 50% probability of evoking a spike in the postsynaptic neuron, due to its summation with intrinsic noise (Figure S1-7). The synaptic weights for the inhibitory connections were fixed at -0.05. The networks were run for 2 hours in simula ...
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Amit Batla and Jalesh N. Panicker

... Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine (NA), which activates β3 adrenergic receptors to relax bladder smooth muscle and activates β1 adrenergic receptors to contract urethral smooth muscle. Somatic axons in the pudendal nerve also release ACh, which produces a contraction of the e ...
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... Traditionally, these abnormal movements were class- from classic vascular ballism (Albin, R. L., Young, ified simply on the basis of their clinical appearance A. B. and Penney, J. B., unpublished observations). and without regard to any common features or Similarly, in patients with classic ballism ...
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as a PDF

... regions (Fig. 1) known to contain preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in experimental animals. Medium-sized neurons were located in a region bordered by the spinal trigeminal nucleus laterally, the facial nucleus medially and the medial vestibular nucleus dorsally. Rostrally, these neurons were sc ...
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Neuropsychopharmacology

Neuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to psychopharmacology (how drugs affect the mind) and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior. It entails research of mechanisms of neuropathology, pharmacodynamics (drug action), psychiatric illness, and states of consciousness. These studies are instigated at the detailed level involving neurotransmission/receptor activity, bio-chemical processes, and neural circuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology supersedes psychopharmacology in the areas of ""how"" and ""why"", and additionally addresses other issues of brain function. Accordingly, the clinical aspect of the field includes psychiatric (psychoactive) as well as neurologic (non-psychoactive) pharmacology-based treatments.Developments in neuropsychopharmacology may directly impact the studies of anxiety disorders, affective disorders, psychotic disorders, degenerative disorders, eating behavior, and sleep behavior.The way fundamental processes of the brain are being discovered is creating a field on par with other “hard sciences” such as chemistry, biology, and physics, so that eventually it may be possible to repair mental illness with ultimate precision. An analogy can be drawn between the brain and an electronic device: neuropsychopharmacology is tantamount to revealing not only the schematic diagram, but the individual components, and every principle of their operation. The bank of amassed detail and complexity involved is huge; mere samples of some of the details are given in this article.
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