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Paper Title (use style: paper title)
Paper Title (use style: paper title)

... Heritable genetic variants change in frequency because of their impact on the fitness of the species carrying them. This process is very simply termed as Natural selection. Natural selection can perform its action only when there is heritable genetic variation to act upon [2]. So, variation is the k ...
Lesson 6- Macromolecules
Lesson 6- Macromolecules

... Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders ...
Biology HL paper 1 TZ1
Biology HL paper 1 TZ1

... M10/4/BIOLO/HPM/ENG/TZ1/XX+ ...
The molecular mechanisms of general anaesthesia: dissecting the
The molecular mechanisms of general anaesthesia: dissecting the

... mice were found to be insensitive to some of the effects of etomidate and propofol, that is, the hind limb withdrawal reflex (immobilization) was completely absent and the duration of the loss of righting reflex (hypnosis) was greatly reduced. In contrast, actions of the volatile anaesthetics enflur ...
Glaciecola psychrophila sp. nov., a novel psychrophilic bacterium
Glaciecola psychrophila sp. nov., a novel psychrophilic bacterium

... Glaciecola punicea and Glaciecola pallidula (Bowman et al., 1998), Glaciecola mesophila (Romanenko et al., 2003) and Glaciecola polaris (Van Trappen et al., 2004). Members of the genus Glaciecola have been isolated from sea-ice samples collected from coastal areas of eastern Antarctica, marine inver ...
Colloids gels suspensions
Colloids gels suspensions

... You are already familiar with several protein gels. Scrambled eggs, and yogurt are gels formed by proteins. And, of course, the words 'gel' and 'gelatin' both come from the Latin word for 'freeze', and gelatin is a protein gel. Water soluble proteins like the albumins in egg white are generally sphe ...
Transition Bias
Transition Bias

... about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the state of Science, ...
Identity elements in tRNA-mediated transcription
Identity elements in tRNA-mediated transcription

... employs a direct interaction between an mRNA and a specific tRNA to stabilize the antitermination conformation of the nascent mRNA transcript. By its nature, this mechanism of antitermination is especially apt to regulate the biosynthesis and use of amino acids. It has been found or hypothesized to ...
Biochemistry of Cells
Biochemistry of Cells

... Cells link monomers by a process called condensation or dehydration synthesis (removing a molecule of water) ...
Biochemistry of Cells - Campbell County Schools
Biochemistry of Cells - Campbell County Schools

... Cells link monomers by a process called condensation or dehydration synthesis (removing a molecule of water) ...
Chapter 6: Gene Expression
Chapter 6: Gene Expression

... could there be just two nucleotides per amino acid. The triplet hypothesis states that the genetic code consists of a combination of three nucleotides, called a codon. Each codon would code for an amino acid. This hypothesis was supported by work done by Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner, which showe ...
Document
Document

... The structure of its compound determines its properties in the following ways:  shorter hydrocarbons are lighter molecules.  In general, they have low boiling points and the evaporate and burn easier.  Longer hydrocarbons are heavy molecules and exist as solids or liquids at room temp ...
Title: Molecular characterization of infectious bursal disease viruses
Title: Molecular characterization of infectious bursal disease viruses

... sequences from strains isolated in the present study to three vvIBDVs: VV1, VV2 and VV3 (Figure 3). The strains showed a pattern similar to VV3 (OKYM strain), except for one substitution at position 221 (Q→H); Q at this position was found to be common in all representative strains. In addition, com ...
The astounding health benefits of Chlorella and Spirulina
The astounding health benefits of Chlorella and Spirulina

... and overdose on Spirulina. It contains more bio-chelated organic iron than any other whole-food. Biochelated means that the iron will easily be assimilated into the body. Spirulina has 58 times the iron of raw spinach and 28 times that of raw beef liver. It contains more beta-carotene than any other ...


... Thioredoxin reductase (TR) is an oxidoreductase responsible for maintaining thioredoxin in the reduced state, thereby contributing to proper cellular redox homeostasis. ...
Fish Evolution LabAnswers
Fish Evolution LabAnswers

... of the genes in bacteria, mushrooms, and fish (King and Wilson 1975)? This remarkable similarity in genetic information among diverse species is our primary evidence that all organisms have the same ancient origin. The Modern Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin proposed the revolutionary idea that va ...
fatty acids: straight-chain saturated
fatty acids: straight-chain saturated

... Successive molecules of malonyl-CoA are added to the single primer molecule of acetyl-CoA in a sequence of reactions catalysed by a multifunctional enzyme complex, the fatty acid synthetase, which can be of three types. In the Type I enzyme (FAS I) found in animals, the various sub-units carrying ou ...
Strategies for Attaching Oligonucleotides to Solid Supports
Strategies for Attaching Oligonucleotides to Solid Supports

... surface attachment [11]. Surface labeling is preferred if the environmental responsiveness of the dye is important or if the particles are to be used in a nonaqueous solvent. In most applications, however, internally labeled micro-spheres are favored. Internal labeling leaves surface groups availabl ...
Acid – base balance - Masaryk University
Acid – base balance - Masaryk University

... All the known low molecular weight and water soluble biosynthetic intermediates possess groups that are essentially completely ionised at neutral pH’  pH-dependent ionisation (i.e. charge) serves to an efficient intracellular trapping of ionised compounds within the cell and its organelles ...
Document
Document

... populations of fruit flies. On average, 30% of the enzymes were found as two or more allozymes. This means that the genes encoding these enzymes have DNA sequence differences resulting in alleles that cause the encoded proteins to have slightly different amino acid sequences. It should be pointed ou ...
Starch Lab - Kowenscience.com
Starch Lab - Kowenscience.com

... When identifying a suspected organism, you inoculate a series of differential media (see Lab 3). After incubation, you then observe each medium to see if specific end products of metabolism are present. This can be done by adding indicators to the medium that react specifically with the end product ...
KIR3DL1 Phenotype Variation?
KIR3DL1 Phenotype Variation?

... Identification of novel KIR3DL1 alleles We identified four novel KIR3DL1 alleles in this study, and their names were officially assigned by the KIR Nomenclature Committee (25) as *051 (EF472680), *052 (EF472681), *053 (EF472671, EF472677), and *054 (EF472673, EF472679). Additionally, we confirmed th ...
Chapter 11 Powerpoint
Chapter 11 Powerpoint

... • RNA pol III is unique in its use of an internal promoter • siRNAs and miRNAs are RNAs involved in shutting down a gene’s function without affecting the gene itself • The genetic code is degenerate • tRNAs are short RNAs that bridge the gap between information in the mRNA and amino acid chain • The ...
Mutation, Repair, and Recombination
Mutation, Repair, and Recombination

... c. In the reversion experiment for mutant 5, a particularly interesting prototrophic derivative is obtained. When this type is crossed with a standard wild-type strain, the progeny consist of 90 percent prototrophs and 10 percent auxotrophs. Give a full explanation for these results, including a pre ...
Novel diagnostic parameters for AADC deficiency in general
Novel diagnostic parameters for AADC deficiency in general

... GC-MS of organic acids after ethoximation, HPLCECD of L-DOPA and dopamine. Results In the first case the urinary OA profile (figure 1B) not only showed elevated VLA, but also vanilpyruvic acid (VPA), N-acetylvanilalanine and N-acetyltyrosine. The brothers AR and PR appeared to have hyperdopaminuria ...
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Expanded genetic code



An expanded genetic code is an artificially modified genetic code in which one or more specific codons have been re-allocated to encode an amino acid that is not among the 22 encoded proteinogenic amino acids.The key prerequisites to expand the genetic code are: the non-standard amino acid to encode, an unused codon to adopt, a tRNA that recognises this codon, and a tRNA synthase that recognises only that tRNA and only the non-standard amino acid.Expanding the genetic code is an area of research of synthetic biology, an applied biological discipline whose goal is to engineer living systems for useful purposes. The genetic code expansion enriches the repertoire of useful tools available to science.
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