ES Chapter 30
... – When these particles reach Earth, they can interfere with communications and damage satellites. – A prominence, sometimes associated with flares, is an arc of gas that is ejected from the chromosphere, or gas that condenses in the inner corona and rains back to the surface. ...
... – When these particles reach Earth, they can interfere with communications and damage satellites. – A prominence, sometimes associated with flares, is an arc of gas that is ejected from the chromosphere, or gas that condenses in the inner corona and rains back to the surface. ...
The Sun
... Impact on Earth – Some scientists have found evidence of subtle climate variations within 11-year periods. – There were severe weather changes on Earth during the latter half of the 1600s when the solar activity cycle stopped and there were no sunspots for nearly 60 years. – Those 60 years were know ...
... Impact on Earth – Some scientists have found evidence of subtle climate variations within 11-year periods. – There were severe weather changes on Earth during the latter half of the 1600s when the solar activity cycle stopped and there were no sunspots for nearly 60 years. – Those 60 years were know ...
Lecture26_Future
... Kepler team has estimated that there are "at least 50 billion planets in the Milky Way", of which "at least 500 million" are in the habitable zone. ...
... Kepler team has estimated that there are "at least 50 billion planets in the Milky Way", of which "at least 500 million" are in the habitable zone. ...
View PDF
... 2004) and marginally excludes the extremely CO-rich gas giants that might be found around pulsars or massive white dwarfs (Livio et al. 1992). These CO-rich gas giants could form in accretion disks created from the disruption of a C-O white dwarf, disks that contain hundreds of Jupiter masses of car ...
... 2004) and marginally excludes the extremely CO-rich gas giants that might be found around pulsars or massive white dwarfs (Livio et al. 1992). These CO-rich gas giants could form in accretion disks created from the disruption of a C-O white dwarf, disks that contain hundreds of Jupiter masses of car ...
theh – rdiagramsofyoungclust ersandtheformati on ofp
... circumstellar absorption in the early stages of the planetary system which coexisted with the beginning of the w holly convective phase in the sun. The circumstellar absorption we have been considering need not be of the same nature as the interstellar extinction; the higher density should produce p ...
... circumstellar absorption in the early stages of the planetary system which coexisted with the beginning of the w holly convective phase in the sun. The circumstellar absorption we have been considering need not be of the same nature as the interstellar extinction; the higher density should produce p ...
Solar System Astronomy Notes
... • The perfect mathematical shapes were circles and spheres. These beliefs lead them to look for a mathematical explanation for the motions of heavenly bodies, and for them to assert that the heavenly bodies followed paths that were among the perfect shapes in nature. Based on this philosophy, the Py ...
... • The perfect mathematical shapes were circles and spheres. These beliefs lead them to look for a mathematical explanation for the motions of heavenly bodies, and for them to assert that the heavenly bodies followed paths that were among the perfect shapes in nature. Based on this philosophy, the Py ...
Space environment
... must be applied. The Knudsen number, Kn≡λ/L, is used to separate the continuous-media fluid model (Kn<<1) from the free molecular flow (Kn>>1); the kinetic theory of gases shows that 2π d 2 p , where kB is Boltzmann's constant, T gas temperature, d gas particle diameter, and p λ = kBT gas pressure. ...
... must be applied. The Knudsen number, Kn≡λ/L, is used to separate the continuous-media fluid model (Kn<<1) from the free molecular flow (Kn>>1); the kinetic theory of gases shows that 2π d 2 p , where kB is Boltzmann's constant, T gas temperature, d gas particle diameter, and p λ = kBT gas pressure. ...
Astrophysics - Part 2
... under their own gravitational attraction becoming denser and denser to form a protostar (a star in the making). In the collapse gravitational potential energy is converted into thermal energy as the atoms and molecules ...
... under their own gravitational attraction becoming denser and denser to form a protostar (a star in the making). In the collapse gravitational potential energy is converted into thermal energy as the atoms and molecules ...
Chapter 20
... 12.1b The Birth Cries of Stars The jets of gas were formed as the pre-main-sequence star contracted under the force of its own gravity. Because a thick disk of cool gas and dust surrounds the premainsequence star, the gas squirts outward along the pre-main-sequence star’s axis of rotation at speeds ...
... 12.1b The Birth Cries of Stars The jets of gas were formed as the pre-main-sequence star contracted under the force of its own gravity. Because a thick disk of cool gas and dust surrounds the premainsequence star, the gas squirts outward along the pre-main-sequence star’s axis of rotation at speeds ...
UK Exoplanet community meeting 2017
... Earth is the best studied planet we know. A century’s work on terrestrial samples has interrogated 90% of its history, and revealed the physics of processes from the formation of the core to the rise of atmospheric oxygen. This detailed understanding can benefit our perspective of exo-planetary syst ...
... Earth is the best studied planet we know. A century’s work on terrestrial samples has interrogated 90% of its history, and revealed the physics of processes from the formation of the core to the rise of atmospheric oxygen. This detailed understanding can benefit our perspective of exo-planetary syst ...
white dwarfs, neutron stars, black hole
... degeneracy pressure and gravity. Electron degeneracy pressure does not depend on temperature and thus the size of the brown dwarf will stay the same as it cools down. Electron degeneracy pressure is a quantum mechanical effect that comes into play at high densities. Just as electrons in an atom can ...
... degeneracy pressure and gravity. Electron degeneracy pressure does not depend on temperature and thus the size of the brown dwarf will stay the same as it cools down. Electron degeneracy pressure is a quantum mechanical effect that comes into play at high densities. Just as electrons in an atom can ...
Climbing the Distance Ladder
... Flux-Luminosity Relationship: the inverse square law. Relates Apparent Brightness (Flux) and Intrinsic Brightness (Luminosity) through the Inverse Square Law of Brightness: ...
... Flux-Luminosity Relationship: the inverse square law. Relates Apparent Brightness (Flux) and Intrinsic Brightness (Luminosity) through the Inverse Square Law of Brightness: ...
Outline of Lecture on Copernican Revolution: 1. Source of word
... Surely experts noted this. It is very hard to believe that this fact is an accident. It results naturally if the earth in fact orbits the sun, but in Ptolemy’s model it emerges as a completely unmotivated result. In fact, in Ptolemy’s model the periods in which also Jupiter and Saturn go around thei ...
... Surely experts noted this. It is very hard to believe that this fact is an accident. It results naturally if the earth in fact orbits the sun, but in Ptolemy’s model it emerges as a completely unmotivated result. In fact, in Ptolemy’s model the periods in which also Jupiter and Saturn go around thei ...
Solar-like oscillations in intermediate red giants
... Helioseismology is currently the best method for verifying stellar evolution modelling theories and for understanding the structure and interior processes within the sun. It was able to rule out the possibility that the solar neutrino problem was due to incorrect models. ...
... Helioseismology is currently the best method for verifying stellar evolution modelling theories and for understanding the structure and interior processes within the sun. It was able to rule out the possibility that the solar neutrino problem was due to incorrect models. ...
Killer Skies
... Unlike medium-mass stars, massive stars finally can get hot enough to ignite carbon fusion at a temperature of about 1 billion Kelvin. This pattern of core ignition and shell ignition continues with a series of heavier nuclei as fusion fuel. At higher temperatures than carbon fusion, nuclei of oxyge ...
... Unlike medium-mass stars, massive stars finally can get hot enough to ignite carbon fusion at a temperature of about 1 billion Kelvin. This pattern of core ignition and shell ignition continues with a series of heavier nuclei as fusion fuel. At higher temperatures than carbon fusion, nuclei of oxyge ...
Name:
... diagram is shown to the upper right. Note that is a graph showing luminosity versus temperature. Note, too, that the luminosity is in terms of solar luminosities (Lo). That is, if a star has a luminosity of 10Lo, it will be ten times brighter than our sun. The temperature is given in Kelvins (K), a ...
... diagram is shown to the upper right. Note that is a graph showing luminosity versus temperature. Note, too, that the luminosity is in terms of solar luminosities (Lo). That is, if a star has a luminosity of 10Lo, it will be ten times brighter than our sun. The temperature is given in Kelvins (K), a ...
Ay 112 Midterm review
... Depending on the temperature, different ionization states are present and lines have different strengths in the spectrum. This gives us another way to determine the photospheric temperature (besides Wiens law ...
... Depending on the temperature, different ionization states are present and lines have different strengths in the spectrum. This gives us another way to determine the photospheric temperature (besides Wiens law ...
Uranus By Sharon Fabian
... The dark spot was a huge storm, similar to Jupiter's giant red spot. Scientists had watched it for years, but no one has seen it lately. The scientists wonder if it has really disappeared, or if we are just not able to see it from Earth now. They have lots of other questions about Neptune too. That ...
... The dark spot was a huge storm, similar to Jupiter's giant red spot. Scientists had watched it for years, but no one has seen it lately. The scientists wonder if it has really disappeared, or if we are just not able to see it from Earth now. They have lots of other questions about Neptune too. That ...
Document
... the star the line profile changes. From an observed line profile, one can construct an image of the surface of the star. This technique has been applied to many different types of stars. ...
... the star the line profile changes. From an observed line profile, one can construct an image of the surface of the star. This technique has been applied to many different types of stars. ...
Constellations, Looking Far Away, and Stars/Stellar Evolution
... Read aloud. The graph of how the temperatures and luminosities of stars are related is known as the Hertzsprung-Russell or H-R diagram. From this graph, we can also get an estimate of the size of a star, its radius. Astronomers worked with this graph long before they knew why stars varied in this wa ...
... Read aloud. The graph of how the temperatures and luminosities of stars are related is known as the Hertzsprung-Russell or H-R diagram. From this graph, we can also get an estimate of the size of a star, its radius. Astronomers worked with this graph long before they knew why stars varied in this wa ...
Ch_28_-_31_Earths_Role_as_a_Body_in_Space
... 3. Kepler’s Third Law… The Law of Periods: The square of the orbital period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of its orbit. a. P² = a³ (P = orbital period = unit of time in Earth yrs, a = length of the semimajor axis) b. If you know the distance of a planet to the Sun, ...
... 3. Kepler’s Third Law… The Law of Periods: The square of the orbital period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of its orbit. a. P² = a³ (P = orbital period = unit of time in Earth yrs, a = length of the semimajor axis) b. If you know the distance of a planet to the Sun, ...
Chapter 3 Cosmology 3.1 The Doppler effect
... www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. ...
... www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. ...
Powerpoint slides - Earth & Planetary Sciences
... • This is a spherical array of planetesimals at distances out to ~200,000 AU (=3 LY), with a total mass of 10102 Earths • Why spherical? Combination of initial random scattering from Jupiter, plus passages from nearby stars • Forms the reservoir for long period comets ...
... • This is a spherical array of planetesimals at distances out to ~200,000 AU (=3 LY), with a total mass of 10102 Earths • Why spherical? Combination of initial random scattering from Jupiter, plus passages from nearby stars • Forms the reservoir for long period comets ...
galaxy solar system supernova
... 1. An astronomer is a scientist who studies planets, stars, galaxies, and other objects in space. 2. You would expect an astronomer to use a telescope. 3. She wants to be an astronomer someday, so she is taking many science classes in college. ...
... 1. An astronomer is a scientist who studies planets, stars, galaxies, and other objects in space. 2. You would expect an astronomer to use a telescope. 3. She wants to be an astronomer someday, so she is taking many science classes in college. ...
Planetary habitability
Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to develop and sustain life. Life may develop directly on a planet or satellite or be transferred to it from another body, a theoretical process known as panspermia. As the existence of life beyond Earth is unknown, planetary habitability is largely an extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the Sun and Solar System which appear favourable to life's flourishing—in particular those factors that have sustained complex, multicellular organisms and not just simpler, unicellular creatures. Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology.An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, and the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must be met before an astronomical body can support life. In its astrobiology roadmap, NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as ""extended regions of liquid water, conditions favourable for the assembly of complex organic molecules, and energy sources to sustain metabolism.""In determining the habitability potential of a body, studies focus on its bulk composition, orbital properties, atmosphere, and potential chemical interactions. Stellar characteristics of importance include mass and luminosity, stable variability, and high metallicity. Rocky, terrestrial-type planets and moons with the potential for Earth-like chemistry are a primary focus of astrobiological research, although more speculative habitability theories occasionally examine alternative biochemistries and other types of astronomical bodies.The idea that planets beyond Earth might host life is an ancient one, though historically it was framed by philosophy as much as physical science. The late 20th century saw two breakthroughs in the field. The observation and robotic spacecraft exploration of other planets and moons within the Solar System has provided critical information on defining habitability criteria and allowed for substantial geophysical comparisons between the Earth and other bodies. The discovery of extrasolar planets, beginning in the early 1990s and accelerating thereafter, has provided further information for the study of possible extraterrestrial life. These findings confirm that the Sun is not unique among stars in hosting planets and expands the habitability research horizon beyond the Solar System.The chemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang, 13.8 billion years ago, during a habitable epoch when the Universe was only 10–17 million years old. According to the panspermia hypothesis, microscopic life—distributed by meteoroids, asteroids and other small Solar System bodies—may exist throughout the universe. Nonetheless, Earth is the only place in the universe known to harbor life. Estimates of habitable zones around other stars, along with the discovery of hundreds of extrasolar planets and new insights into the extreme habitats here on Earth, suggest that there may be many more habitable places in the universe than considered possible until very recently. On 4 November 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way. 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away, according to the scientists.