University of Groningen Citrate driven transamination for
... the chemically unstable α-acetolactate results in the formation of diacetyl in a non-enzymatic oxidative decarboxylation reaction (38, 73), but the majority is decarboxylated to acetoin by αacetolactate decarboxylase (ALD). The latter enzyme is encoded by the aldB gene located in the leu-ilv-ald ope ...
... the chemically unstable α-acetolactate results in the formation of diacetyl in a non-enzymatic oxidative decarboxylation reaction (38, 73), but the majority is decarboxylated to acetoin by αacetolactate decarboxylase (ALD). The latter enzyme is encoded by the aldB gene located in the leu-ilv-ald ope ...
Enzymes - Weber State University
... faster and colliding more frequently. Up to a certain point, increases in temperature increase the rates of enzymatic reactions. Excess heat can denature the enzyme, causing a permanent loss of activity. ...
... faster and colliding more frequently. Up to a certain point, increases in temperature increase the rates of enzymatic reactions. Excess heat can denature the enzyme, causing a permanent loss of activity. ...
Enzymes
... faster and colliding more frequently. Up to a certain point, increases in temperature increase the rates of enzymatic reactions. Excess heat can denature the enzyme, causing a permanent loss of activity. ...
... faster and colliding more frequently. Up to a certain point, increases in temperature increase the rates of enzymatic reactions. Excess heat can denature the enzyme, causing a permanent loss of activity. ...
Chocolate Flavour Review - Author`s Copy, CRFSN 2008
... In summary it can be concluded that proteolysis of globulin is central to cocoa flavor formation. Low molecular weight protein breakdown products and reducing sugars all contribute to Maillard reactions that produce cocoa flavor in roasting (Rohan and Stewart, 1967). Peptides and hydrophobic free am ...
... In summary it can be concluded that proteolysis of globulin is central to cocoa flavor formation. Low molecular weight protein breakdown products and reducing sugars all contribute to Maillard reactions that produce cocoa flavor in roasting (Rohan and Stewart, 1967). Peptides and hydrophobic free am ...
Fast evolutionary rates associated with functional loss in class I
... showed that SGTP1 is expressed in the egg, sporocyst, cercaria, schistosomula, and in adult male and female worms, but SGTP4 is only detected in mammalian-stage parasites (schistosomula and adults) [6]. Studies using RNAi showed that both SGTP1 and SGTP4 were critical for exogenous glucose uptake in ...
... showed that SGTP1 is expressed in the egg, sporocyst, cercaria, schistosomula, and in adult male and female worms, but SGTP4 is only detected in mammalian-stage parasites (schistosomula and adults) [6]. Studies using RNAi showed that both SGTP1 and SGTP4 were critical for exogenous glucose uptake in ...
Amino Acids in Maturation Medium and Presence
... In experiment 1, to determine the optimal time for maturation of oocytes in mWM-FG, oocytes were cultured for periods ranging from 24 to 48 h. Furthermore, to determine the effect of maturation time on sperm penetration in vitro, cumulus-enclosed oocytes cultured for 36 and 48 h for maturation in mW ...
... In experiment 1, to determine the optimal time for maturation of oocytes in mWM-FG, oocytes were cultured for periods ranging from 24 to 48 h. Furthermore, to determine the effect of maturation time on sperm penetration in vitro, cumulus-enclosed oocytes cultured for 36 and 48 h for maturation in mW ...
Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Metabolism by
... acids or their derivatives, as well as specific synthetic compounds (Xu et al., 1999; Gervois et al., 2007). Endogenous substances that can activate PPAR include eicosanoids, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins, but the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid has also been shown to be a ligand for PPAR␦ (Yu ...
... acids or their derivatives, as well as specific synthetic compounds (Xu et al., 1999; Gervois et al., 2007). Endogenous substances that can activate PPAR include eicosanoids, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins, but the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid has also been shown to be a ligand for PPAR␦ (Yu ...
Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium and purine nucleotides
... family, which are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and can facilitate proton transport into the matrix (Goglia and Skulachev, 2003). Their activity appears to be tightly regulated with free fatty acids and superoxide acting as stimulators, and purine nucleotides, especially GDP – as inhib ...
... family, which are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and can facilitate proton transport into the matrix (Goglia and Skulachev, 2003). Their activity appears to be tightly regulated with free fatty acids and superoxide acting as stimulators, and purine nucleotides, especially GDP – as inhib ...
Hydrothermal vents and prebiotic chemistry: a review
... which can be subaerial and submarine—some with temperatures that may range from 90° to > 400 °C (Russell and Hall, 1997; Kelley et al., 2001). Processes driven by external sources for energy include many other interfaces such as those between rocks, water, air, and snow-air (Muller and Schulze-Makuc ...
... which can be subaerial and submarine—some with temperatures that may range from 90° to > 400 °C (Russell and Hall, 1997; Kelley et al., 2001). Processes driven by external sources for energy include many other interfaces such as those between rocks, water, air, and snow-air (Muller and Schulze-Makuc ...
REGULATION OF PYRUVATE KINASE AND GLYCEROL
... becomes a primary source of fuel and also a carbon source for cryoprotectant synthesis, altered regulation of the enzymes responsible for lipid and glycogen breakdown is needed. PTMs have been shown by our laboratory to regulate enzymes in such a way. For example, studies with the African clawed fr ...
... becomes a primary source of fuel and also a carbon source for cryoprotectant synthesis, altered regulation of the enzymes responsible for lipid and glycogen breakdown is needed. PTMs have been shown by our laboratory to regulate enzymes in such a way. For example, studies with the African clawed fr ...
Carnitine-Metabolism and Functions
... histone and a variety of proteins. It is not known whether more than one enzyme is active in protein lysine methylation. Mono-, di-, and trimethylated lysines are all found in different proteins (321), but only the trimethyllysine is converted to carnitine (235). The same derivatives have been isola ...
... histone and a variety of proteins. It is not known whether more than one enzyme is active in protein lysine methylation. Mono-, di-, and trimethylated lysines are all found in different proteins (321), but only the trimethyllysine is converted to carnitine (235). The same derivatives have been isola ...
UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA Divisió de Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques Facultat de Biologia
... accrue more protein —in addition to much more fat— than control reference diet-fed animals (Esteve et al., 1992), and it has been generally assumed that this is may be due in part to the higher biological value of the protein of some components of the cafeteria diets. This study has been developed a ...
... accrue more protein —in addition to much more fat— than control reference diet-fed animals (Esteve et al., 1992), and it has been generally assumed that this is may be due in part to the higher biological value of the protein of some components of the cafeteria diets. This study has been developed a ...
Guide to Nutritional Supplements
... supplement, based on their own experience and on the best scientific evidence available. This compilation of articles from the acclaimed EHN focuses on nutritional supplements1. These include the traditional, well-known substances such as vitamins and major minerals, present in most diets consumed b ...
... supplement, based on their own experience and on the best scientific evidence available. This compilation of articles from the acclaimed EHN focuses on nutritional supplements1. These include the traditional, well-known substances such as vitamins and major minerals, present in most diets consumed b ...
Soybean Phospholipids
... heated to be hydrolyzed into glycerol, inositol and phosphoric acid. Free fatty acids and free substances of the above compound are produced after acid hydrolysis or high pressure hydrolysis. Phospholipids can be hydrolyzed by enzymes. At least four kinds of lipases can cleave ester bonds formed by ...
... heated to be hydrolyzed into glycerol, inositol and phosphoric acid. Free fatty acids and free substances of the above compound are produced after acid hydrolysis or high pressure hydrolysis. Phospholipids can be hydrolyzed by enzymes. At least four kinds of lipases can cleave ester bonds formed by ...
accelerated glucose discoloration method
... D-glucose is a central substance for the human metabolism since it is a source of energy and a metabolic intermediate. Most of this energy is delivered through aerobic or anaerobic respiration. In human metabolism glucose is critical as a precursor for the production of proteins and in lipid metabol ...
... D-glucose is a central substance for the human metabolism since it is a source of energy and a metabolic intermediate. Most of this energy is delivered through aerobic or anaerobic respiration. In human metabolism glucose is critical as a precursor for the production of proteins and in lipid metabol ...
New insight into the photoheterotrophic growth of the
... second compartment of the MELiSSA loop, will be used to photoassimilate these volatile fatty acids. The assimilation of carbon sources that enter central carbon metabolism through acetyl-CoA requires an alternative cycle to replenish the TCA cycle intermediates used for the synthesis of all cell com ...
... second compartment of the MELiSSA loop, will be used to photoassimilate these volatile fatty acids. The assimilation of carbon sources that enter central carbon metabolism through acetyl-CoA requires an alternative cycle to replenish the TCA cycle intermediates used for the synthesis of all cell com ...
An in Silico Liver: Model of Gluconeogenesis
... interplay between gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, and alcohol metabolism in the fasted rat liver. Biochemical pathways are represented by key kinetic reactions that include allosteric and substrates effectors, and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation enzymes regulation. The model also incorporates t ...
... interplay between gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, and alcohol metabolism in the fasted rat liver. Biochemical pathways are represented by key kinetic reactions that include allosteric and substrates effectors, and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation enzymes regulation. The model also incorporates t ...
Indexing Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Flux in Intact Hearts by Carbon
... this cycle changes with physiological alterations in cardiac contractile performance. Despite the central role of the TCA cycle, there are relatively few methods of quantifying TCA cycle flux in intact hearts. Estimates of TCA cycle flux in isolated carFrom the Peter Belfer Laboratory of the Cardiol ...
... this cycle changes with physiological alterations in cardiac contractile performance. Despite the central role of the TCA cycle, there are relatively few methods of quantifying TCA cycle flux in intact hearts. Estimates of TCA cycle flux in isolated carFrom the Peter Belfer Laboratory of the Cardiol ...
Hydrolysisof Glutathioneby Human Liver `y
... role of ‘y-glutamyltransferase. The pH optima with these substrates is 8.25 (9, 14) and initial velocity rates are maximal only with high concentrations of the dipeptide glycylglycine (14). In a recent detailed kinetic study, we have shown that ‘y-glutamyltransferase does not catalyze the hydrolysis ...
... role of ‘y-glutamyltransferase. The pH optima with these substrates is 8.25 (9, 14) and initial velocity rates are maximal only with high concentrations of the dipeptide glycylglycine (14). In a recent detailed kinetic study, we have shown that ‘y-glutamyltransferase does not catalyze the hydrolysis ...
Chapter 23 Slides
... Reginald Garrett and Charles Grisham All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt Brace & Company, ...
... Reginald Garrett and Charles Grisham All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt Brace & Company, ...
Stressrelated challenges in pentose fermentation to ethanol
... be used in the SSF to stay within the allowable temperature for the yeast. An improved yeast thermotolerance would thus be beneficial from a process point of view. Also the end-product of the fermentation, ethanol, is in itself inhibitory at high levels (see [15] for a recent review), but in its pre ...
... be used in the SSF to stay within the allowable temperature for the yeast. An improved yeast thermotolerance would thus be beneficial from a process point of view. Also the end-product of the fermentation, ethanol, is in itself inhibitory at high levels (see [15] for a recent review), but in its pre ...
Autotrophic CO2 fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle in
... values of 70 nmol min-1 (mg protein-1) for A. aeolicus and 80 nmol min-1 (mg protein-1) for Tc. ruber. These activities are low compared with the values obtained for S. subterraneum, D. thermolithotrophum or the Thermovibrio species. This might reflect difficulties in measuring the coupled reactions ...
... values of 70 nmol min-1 (mg protein-1) for A. aeolicus and 80 nmol min-1 (mg protein-1) for Tc. ruber. These activities are low compared with the values obtained for S. subterraneum, D. thermolithotrophum or the Thermovibrio species. This might reflect difficulties in measuring the coupled reactions ...
Contribution of 13C-NMR spectroscopy to the elucidation of
... carbon dioxide. The metabolism of propionate-forming and propionate-degrading bacteria is reviewed here. Propionate is formed during fermentation of polysaccharides, proteins and fats. The study of the fate of 13 C-labelled compounds by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has contributed t ...
... carbon dioxide. The metabolism of propionate-forming and propionate-degrading bacteria is reviewed here. Propionate is formed during fermentation of polysaccharides, proteins and fats. The study of the fate of 13 C-labelled compounds by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has contributed t ...
animal nutrition - e
... The two remaining authors felt that, in view of the extent of revision required to incorporate the new information, new authors would be required to replace Peter McDonald and Alun Edwards. Therefore, Liam Sinclair and Robert Wilkinson, Professor of Animal Science and Principal Lecturer in Ruminant ...
... The two remaining authors felt that, in view of the extent of revision required to incorporate the new information, new authors would be required to replace Peter McDonald and Alun Edwards. Therefore, Liam Sinclair and Robert Wilkinson, Professor of Animal Science and Principal Lecturer in Ruminant ...