Foundations of Biology - Geoscience Research Institute
... The lac operon is made up of a control region and four genes: 1 LacZ - b-galactosidase - Enzyme that hydrolyzes the bond between galactose and glucose 2 LacY - Codes for a permease that lets lactose across the cell membrane 3 LacA - Transacetylase - An enzyme whose function in lactose metabolism is ...
... The lac operon is made up of a control region and four genes: 1 LacZ - b-galactosidase - Enzyme that hydrolyzes the bond between galactose and glucose 2 LacY - Codes for a permease that lets lactose across the cell membrane 3 LacA - Transacetylase - An enzyme whose function in lactose metabolism is ...
Section L Regulation of Transcription in Prokaryotes
... • By transcriptional repressors: such as the lac repressor; • By transcriptional activators: such as the CRP; • By different s to direct RNApol binding different promoter: Functions of s factors : The abb’w core enzyme of RNA polymerase is unable to start transcription at promoter sites. In orde ...
... • By transcriptional repressors: such as the lac repressor; • By transcriptional activators: such as the CRP; • By different s to direct RNApol binding different promoter: Functions of s factors : The abb’w core enzyme of RNA polymerase is unable to start transcription at promoter sites. In orde ...
Flowers - Oregon State University
... target cleavage, siRNA primed polymerization, and subsequent cleavage by DCL ...
... target cleavage, siRNA primed polymerization, and subsequent cleavage by DCL ...
Replicational and transcriptional selection on codon usage in
... (7) and also M. pneumoniae (20). These organisms all seem to be benefiting from a mechanism of genome organization that maintains genes on the leading strand of replication. It is unlikely that this effect is a result of random genetic drift, because there seems to be an obvious selective advantage ...
... (7) and also M. pneumoniae (20). These organisms all seem to be benefiting from a mechanism of genome organization that maintains genes on the leading strand of replication. It is unlikely that this effect is a result of random genetic drift, because there seems to be an obvious selective advantage ...
... invention, there is also provided nucleic acid probes comsample derived from a tissue other than the prostate is prising nucleic acid molecules of sufficient length to speamplified and detected. The sample contains a nucleic acid cifically hybridize to the prostatic specific reductase genes to or a ...
Chapter 9 Applications of probability
... for Glycine is then P(Gly)=4/64=1/16. Which amino acid(s) would occur with highest probability? With lowest probability? Amino acids that would be represented with greatest probability include Leucine (Leu), whose codons can be any of (TTA, TTG, CTT, CTC, CTA, CTG). This means that the probability o ...
... for Glycine is then P(Gly)=4/64=1/16. Which amino acid(s) would occur with highest probability? With lowest probability? Amino acids that would be represented with greatest probability include Leucine (Leu), whose codons can be any of (TTA, TTG, CTT, CTC, CTA, CTG). This means that the probability o ...
Controlling Gene Expression in Bacteria
... The lac operon is made up of a control region and four genes: 1 LacZ - b-galactosidase - An enzyme that hydrolizes the bond between galactose and glucose 2 LacY - Codes for a permease that lets lactose across the cell membrane 3 LacA - Transacetylase - An enzyme whose function in lactose metabolism ...
... The lac operon is made up of a control region and four genes: 1 LacZ - b-galactosidase - An enzyme that hydrolizes the bond between galactose and glucose 2 LacY - Codes for a permease that lets lactose across the cell membrane 3 LacA - Transacetylase - An enzyme whose function in lactose metabolism ...
Structural variations in the human genome
... The sequence of the human genome differs tremendously among individuals (2,3). These differences range from single nucleotides to gross alterations. All of these alterations can have an impact on human phenotype, like eye color. This impact on phenotype is a result of their ability to interfere with ...
... The sequence of the human genome differs tremendously among individuals (2,3). These differences range from single nucleotides to gross alterations. All of these alterations can have an impact on human phenotype, like eye color. This impact on phenotype is a result of their ability to interfere with ...
ENZYMES - The Bronx High School of Science
... Indicate the activation energy for the uncatalyzed reaction and for the catalyzed reaction. ...
... Indicate the activation energy for the uncatalyzed reaction and for the catalyzed reaction. ...
Enzyme Optimum pH - Sir Sabir Hussain
... An enzyme and its substrate react with each through a specific charge bearing site of an enzyme called active site The charge and shape of the active site is formed by some amino acids present in the polypeptide chain of the active site of the enzyme These amino acids are brought closer and are arra ...
... An enzyme and its substrate react with each through a specific charge bearing site of an enzyme called active site The charge and shape of the active site is formed by some amino acids present in the polypeptide chain of the active site of the enzyme These amino acids are brought closer and are arra ...
Metabolism of Nucleotides
... There are two pathways leading to nucleotides • De novo synthesis: The synthesis of nucleotides begins with their metabolic precursors: amino acids, ribose-5-phosphate, CO2, and one-carbon units. ...
... There are two pathways leading to nucleotides • De novo synthesis: The synthesis of nucleotides begins with their metabolic precursors: amino acids, ribose-5-phosphate, CO2, and one-carbon units. ...
Highly precise and developmentally programmed genome
... germline micronucleus (MIC) undergoes meiosis and transmits its genome to the zygotic nucleus. New MICs and MACs of sexual progeny differentiate from copies of the zygotic nucleus and extensive genome rearrangements take place in the new MAC during this process. In Paramecium tetraurelia, MAC develo ...
... germline micronucleus (MIC) undergoes meiosis and transmits its genome to the zygotic nucleus. New MICs and MACs of sexual progeny differentiate from copies of the zygotic nucleus and extensive genome rearrangements take place in the new MAC during this process. In Paramecium tetraurelia, MAC develo ...
Equilibrium Statistics of Channel-confined DNA
... and visualising single DNA molecules have been developed by biologists. Similarly, the development of clean room patterning techniques allows for the manufacturing of well-defined geometries down to the nanometre scale [2, 5, 17]. This has enabled the testing of old polymer theory predictions [18–23 ...
... and visualising single DNA molecules have been developed by biologists. Similarly, the development of clean room patterning techniques allows for the manufacturing of well-defined geometries down to the nanometre scale [2, 5, 17]. This has enabled the testing of old polymer theory predictions [18–23 ...
L20PositiveNegativeBalancing
... substitution (if m = 10-8, N = 106), or 100,000 generations for a 3-nucleotide insertion (why 3?), or forever for a complex event (evolution is mutation-limited to a large extent). ...
... substitution (if m = 10-8, N = 106), or 100,000 generations for a 3-nucleotide insertion (why 3?), or forever for a complex event (evolution is mutation-limited to a large extent). ...
Functional analysis of hyperthermophilic endocellulase from
... However, we could not obtain X-ray diffraction data suitable for determination of the structure of the enzyme–substrate ligand complex. Failure to obtain suitable diffraction data might have been caused by the presence of zinc ions tightly bound between the two catalytic glutamate residues, which pr ...
... However, we could not obtain X-ray diffraction data suitable for determination of the structure of the enzyme–substrate ligand complex. Failure to obtain suitable diffraction data might have been caused by the presence of zinc ions tightly bound between the two catalytic glutamate residues, which pr ...
Lecture#3 File
... the end of the thumb. (b) The calcium atom is bound to one of the motifs in the muscle protein troponin-C through six oxygen atoms: 5 from the side chains of Asp and Glu; and one from the main chain. In addition, a water molecule (W) is bound to the calcium atom. (c) Schematic diagram illustrating t ...
... the end of the thumb. (b) The calcium atom is bound to one of the motifs in the muscle protein troponin-C through six oxygen atoms: 5 from the side chains of Asp and Glu; and one from the main chain. In addition, a water molecule (W) is bound to the calcium atom. (c) Schematic diagram illustrating t ...
PLP-dependent Enzymes: a Powerful Tool for - Beilstein
... Nowadays, more than a hundred crystal structures of PLP-dependent enzymes, most of them solved in the last 5 years, are accessible from databases. Catalytic versatility and promiscuity Enzymes are generally believed to be very specific in their action, i. e. to be endowed with a strict reaction and ...
... Nowadays, more than a hundred crystal structures of PLP-dependent enzymes, most of them solved in the last 5 years, are accessible from databases. Catalytic versatility and promiscuity Enzymes are generally believed to be very specific in their action, i. e. to be endowed with a strict reaction and ...
Chapter 1 The Framework of Biology
... Asexual reproduction occurs through binary fission; however, prokaryotes are able to trade genes during bacterial conjugation as well as pick up free pieces of DNA from the environment; this is called bacterial transformation. Some prokaryotes have multicellular life stages. The multicellular stage ...
... Asexual reproduction occurs through binary fission; however, prokaryotes are able to trade genes during bacterial conjugation as well as pick up free pieces of DNA from the environment; this is called bacterial transformation. Some prokaryotes have multicellular life stages. The multicellular stage ...
Enzymes
... • Catalysts speed up chemical reactions without being changed themselves • Living organisms make biological catalysts called enzymes • Enzymes are globular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions • Without enzymes to catalyze them, many chemical processes happen at a very slow rate in ...
... • Catalysts speed up chemical reactions without being changed themselves • Living organisms make biological catalysts called enzymes • Enzymes are globular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions • Without enzymes to catalyze them, many chemical processes happen at a very slow rate in ...
TriFecta Dicer-Substrate RNAi Manual
... Splice common: targets all known variants of a gene in RefSeq; duplexes lie within common exons. This constitutes the bulk of the TriFECTa Dicer-Substrate RNAi collection and is appropriate for most users. Splice specific: targets only exons present in specific splice forms. In some cases, the uniqu ...
... Splice common: targets all known variants of a gene in RefSeq; duplexes lie within common exons. This constitutes the bulk of the TriFECTa Dicer-Substrate RNAi collection and is appropriate for most users. Splice specific: targets only exons present in specific splice forms. In some cases, the uniqu ...
B2 high demand application questions
... It is not every week that a university professor tells you to spit in front of him. But Bob Williamson, professor of biochemistry and molecular genetics asked me to do just that. In future, some people may choose their marriage partners on the basis of the contents of their spit. The professor hande ...
... It is not every week that a university professor tells you to spit in front of him. But Bob Williamson, professor of biochemistry and molecular genetics asked me to do just that. In future, some people may choose their marriage partners on the basis of the contents of their spit. The professor hande ...
Is structural flexibility of antigen-binding loops
... indicate identity with the consensus sequence deduced from VH and VL sequences of individual mAb. The sequence of 59 end (8 bases) of the 59 primer for PCR is not shown. Amino acid sequences of CDR are boxed according to the definition of Kabat et al. (26). ...
... indicate identity with the consensus sequence deduced from VH and VL sequences of individual mAb. The sequence of 59 end (8 bases) of the 59 primer for PCR is not shown. Amino acid sequences of CDR are boxed according to the definition of Kabat et al. (26). ...
Deoxyribozyme
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Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.