Chapter 9
... This can be time consuming, and ineffective if the pathogen does not grow well in culture. Ex. Chlamydia trachomatis-common in STD-will only grow in culture given long incubations. ...
... This can be time consuming, and ineffective if the pathogen does not grow well in culture. Ex. Chlamydia trachomatis-common in STD-will only grow in culture given long incubations. ...
F: Acronyms and Glossary
... through hybridization to its complementary sequence. DNA sequence: Order of nucleotide bases in DNA. Double helix: The ladder-like shape formed by two linear strands of DNA bonded together. Electrophoresis: Technique used to separate molecules such as DNA fragments or proteins. Electric current is p ...
... through hybridization to its complementary sequence. DNA sequence: Order of nucleotide bases in DNA. Double helix: The ladder-like shape formed by two linear strands of DNA bonded together. Electrophoresis: Technique used to separate molecules such as DNA fragments or proteins. Electric current is p ...
Powerpoint
... They are not subject to natural selection Short repeated segments that are not protein encoding, distributed all over the genome ...
... They are not subject to natural selection Short repeated segments that are not protein encoding, distributed all over the genome ...
B2 Protein structure
... of many proteins, connected by sections with limited higher order structure within the same polypeptide. (Figure) They can also have specific function such as substrate binding ...
... of many proteins, connected by sections with limited higher order structure within the same polypeptide. (Figure) They can also have specific function such as substrate binding ...
Recombinant DNA
... building blocks (usually DNA, sometimes RNA) that are uniquely and specifically present only in its own species. ...
... building blocks (usually DNA, sometimes RNA) that are uniquely and specifically present only in its own species. ...
A1985ATY5200001
... annealing of single strands with complementary partners. When the hDNA in the model spanned a heterozygous site in the parental molecules, two mismatched bases were produced, and it was fur. ther supposed that gene conversion or nonreciprocal recombination could occur by the repair of these mismatch ...
... annealing of single strands with complementary partners. When the hDNA in the model spanned a heterozygous site in the parental molecules, two mismatched bases were produced, and it was fur. ther supposed that gene conversion or nonreciprocal recombination could occur by the repair of these mismatch ...
Building a DNA Model: An Extra Credit
... Please note: * A model with mistakes WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED for any partial credit. * You can work alone or share the work with one more student. ...
... Please note: * A model with mistakes WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED for any partial credit. * You can work alone or share the work with one more student. ...
ASTR 380 The Origins of Life on Earth
... Hypothesis that RNA were the first self-reproducing molecules. There were capable of making themselves and proteins Later evolved to make DNA, and later evolved into DNA dominated world. ...
... Hypothesis that RNA were the first self-reproducing molecules. There were capable of making themselves and proteins Later evolved to make DNA, and later evolved into DNA dominated world. ...
Mutation detection and correction experiments in
... melanocyte line has been described but, despite using the very same cell line and RDO, we were in all our attempts thus far unable to reproduce any positive result in our laboratory in Groningen. The reasons for the persistent failure of the RDO technology are unknown. Insufficient quality of the sy ...
... melanocyte line has been described but, despite using the very same cell line and RDO, we were in all our attempts thus far unable to reproduce any positive result in our laboratory in Groningen. The reasons for the persistent failure of the RDO technology are unknown. Insufficient quality of the sy ...
Genetics Review Sheet
... Resources: Class notes, Flow Chart, practice notes from sentence activity. Outline the process of protein synthesis- what are the steps that occur? 1. DNA “unzips” in the nucleus. 2. mRNA copies the DNA code into its own unique language (U’s instead of T’s). It then takes that “message” out of the n ...
... Resources: Class notes, Flow Chart, practice notes from sentence activity. Outline the process of protein synthesis- what are the steps that occur? 1. DNA “unzips” in the nucleus. 2. mRNA copies the DNA code into its own unique language (U’s instead of T’s). It then takes that “message” out of the n ...
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
... groove on the other. Because of the structure of the bases, A can only form hydrogen bonds with T, and G can only form hydrogen bonds with C (hence, Chargaff’s Rules). Each strand is therefore said to be complementary to the other, and each strand also contains enough information to replace the othe ...
... groove on the other. Because of the structure of the bases, A can only form hydrogen bonds with T, and G can only form hydrogen bonds with C (hence, Chargaff’s Rules). Each strand is therefore said to be complementary to the other, and each strand also contains enough information to replace the othe ...
Proteins Synthesis
... Building a polypeptide – Occurs in Thee Stages 1. Initiation of Translation Small (40) subunit of ribosome binds to mRNA strand (5’ cap of mRNA helps binding) Initiator Met-tRNA (start anticodon) finds AUG (start codon) downstream on mRNA and binds to it, large subunit then binds to initiator tR ...
... Building a polypeptide – Occurs in Thee Stages 1. Initiation of Translation Small (40) subunit of ribosome binds to mRNA strand (5’ cap of mRNA helps binding) Initiator Met-tRNA (start anticodon) finds AUG (start codon) downstream on mRNA and binds to it, large subunit then binds to initiator tR ...
DNA and Genetics in Biotechnology
... More cells make extraction easier, but only a few cells are need with PCR techniques. ▫ a. Skin, blood, saliva, semen, mucus, muscle tissue, bone marrow, etc. ▫ b. DNA cannot be extracted from hair, unless skin is attached at the bottom. ...
... More cells make extraction easier, but only a few cells are need with PCR techniques. ▫ a. Skin, blood, saliva, semen, mucus, muscle tissue, bone marrow, etc. ▫ b. DNA cannot be extracted from hair, unless skin is attached at the bottom. ...
A-DNA
... In the DNA of living cells, sites recognized by many sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins are arranged as palindromes, and polypyrimidine or polypurine sequences that can form triple helices or even H-DNA ,are found within regions involved in the regulation of expression of some eukaryotic genes. ...
... In the DNA of living cells, sites recognized by many sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins are arranged as palindromes, and polypyrimidine or polypurine sequences that can form triple helices or even H-DNA ,are found within regions involved in the regulation of expression of some eukaryotic genes. ...
5.2.3 Genomes and Gene Technologies
... A bit like immobilised enzymes, scientists can put probes on a fixed surface and apply the DNA. The DNA fragments that match will anneal to the fixed probes The DNA must first be fragmented and may be replicated using PCR... (polymerase chain reaction= artificial DNA replication) ...
... A bit like immobilised enzymes, scientists can put probes on a fixed surface and apply the DNA. The DNA fragments that match will anneal to the fixed probes The DNA must first be fragmented and may be replicated using PCR... (polymerase chain reaction= artificial DNA replication) ...
Restriction Maps
... compatible sticky ends and seal up the molecule. Restriction enzymes and ligase can be used as cut and paste tools for genetic engineering to join together different pieces of DNA to create “recombinant” molecules. ...
... compatible sticky ends and seal up the molecule. Restriction enzymes and ligase can be used as cut and paste tools for genetic engineering to join together different pieces of DNA to create “recombinant” molecules. ...
Viral particles
... • + strand circular ssDNA, 6500 bases and 9-10 genes • DNA does not form significant 2° struct. inside cell • Assymetric capsid: 2700 coat proteins, with distinct binding protein at one end • Virus buds from host without lysis/killing ...
... • + strand circular ssDNA, 6500 bases and 9-10 genes • DNA does not form significant 2° struct. inside cell • Assymetric capsid: 2700 coat proteins, with distinct binding protein at one end • Virus buds from host without lysis/killing ...
Bio08 DNA RNA
... and some viruses. • DNA molecules are used for long term storage of information. • DNA carries the instructions necessary to create RNA and proteins; therefore, it is often compared to a blueprint. ...
... and some viruses. • DNA molecules are used for long term storage of information. • DNA carries the instructions necessary to create RNA and proteins; therefore, it is often compared to a blueprint. ...
Biochem17_DNA_RNA
... • Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. The chromatins help determine which parts of the DNA are transcribed. ...
... • Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. The chromatins help determine which parts of the DNA are transcribed. ...
Mutations Worksheet
... DELETION (a base is lost) INSERTION (an extra base is inserted) SUBSTITUTION (one base is substituted for another) If a substitution changes the amino acid, it’s called a MISSENSE point mutation. If a substitution does not change the amino acid, it’s called a SILENT point mutation. If a substitution ...
... DELETION (a base is lost) INSERTION (an extra base is inserted) SUBSTITUTION (one base is substituted for another) If a substitution changes the amino acid, it’s called a MISSENSE point mutation. If a substitution does not change the amino acid, it’s called a SILENT point mutation. If a substitution ...
DNA Fingerprinting: The Code to Identification
... DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of almost all organisms, including humans. It has a very simple chemical composition, which includes four different nucleotides or bases called adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine which are commonly known by the letters A, T, C and G. The human ...
... DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of almost all organisms, including humans. It has a very simple chemical composition, which includes four different nucleotides or bases called adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine which are commonly known by the letters A, T, C and G. The human ...
Deoxyribozyme
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Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.