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STA218 Inference about a Population
STA218 Inference about a Population

... Ancient air The composition of the earth’s atmosphere may have changed over time. To try to discover the nature of the atmosphere long ago, we can examine the gas in bubbles inside ancient amber. Amber is tree resin that has hardened and been trapped in rocks. The gas in bubbles within amber should ...
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STA 291
STA 291

... of these intervals would contain the parameter” If we repeatedly took random samples using the same method, then, in the long run, in 95% of the cases, the confidence interval will cover the true unknown parameter For one given sample, we do not know whether the confidence interval covers the true p ...
Writing up the results
Writing up the results

... Besides using these non-parametric statistics when the normality assumption may not be met they are often used when the scale of measurement is ordinal. In fact these statistics have been developed in such a way that the level of measurement is assumed to be only ordinal and we will see that these s ...
Confidence Intervals Point and Interval Estimates Point Estimates
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... objective basis  Provides an estimate of the sampling error ...
anova
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... • Same Concept: distributions represent the probability of various F-ratios when the null hypothesis is true • Two types of degrees of freedom determine the shape of the distribution. – Between-Groups ...
Strain Amplification in the Bone Mechanosensory
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... Usually the variances of the two treatments are assumed similar. To test whether this is true, divide the larger variance by the smaller, and compare this variance ratio with a value from a table of ‘F’ (variance ratio) for p= 0.05. if the calculated variance ratio is less than the tabulated F value ...
Data Summarization Methods in Base SAS® Procedures
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... PROC TABULATE controls the layout of the statistics in a table while providing many of the same statistics that PROC MEANS, FREQ, REPORT, and UNIVARIATE compute. The tables you create range from simple to highly customized. The variables and statistics that define the pages, rows, and columns of the ...
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... Recalculate the mean, the median, and the mode. Which measure of central tendency was affected when this new age was added? Mean = 46.5 Median = 48.5 Mode = 57 ...
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... Recalculate the mean, the median, and the mode. Which measure of central tendency was affected when this new age was added? Mean = 46.5 Median = 48.5 Mode = 57 ...
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... Tests of Significance Confidence Intervals: Intervals on the number line which are used to estimate the population parameter (µ) from the sample statistic ...
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... CHARACTERISTICS OF CI’S --The (im) precision of the estimate is indicated by the width of the confidence interval. --The wider the interval the less precision ...
View document - The Open University
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... This chapter continues the development of fundamental probability models for variation, and our discussion of the properties of those models. Following the pattern developed in Chapters 2 and 3, the chapter deals both with specific models for variation and the more general properties of such models. ...
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Foundations of statistics

Foundations of statistics is the usual name for the epistemological debate in statistics over how one should conduct inductive inference from data. Among the issues considered in statistical inference are the question of Bayesian inference versus frequentist inference, the distinction between Fisher's ""significance testing"" and Neyman-Pearson ""hypothesis testing"", and whether the likelihood principle should be followed. Some of these issues have been debated for up to 200 years without resolution.Bandyopadhyay & Forster describe four statistical paradigms: ""(1) classical statistics or error statistics, (ii) Bayesian statistics, (iii) likelihood-based statistics, and (iv) the Akaikean-Information Criterion-based statistics"".Savage's text Foundations of Statistics has been cited over 10000 times on Google Scholar. It tells the following.It is unanimously agreed that statistics depends somehow on probability. But, as to what probability is and how it is connected with statistics, there has seldom been such complete disagreement and breakdown of communication since the Tower of Babel. Doubtless, much of the disagreement is merely terminological and would disappear under sufficiently sharp analysis.
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