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ordinal data
ordinal data

... from which they come were normally distributed. But how can we be sure? This question has plagued a large number of researchers and differences of opinion as to how important this assumption is constantly varies. Whose statisticians which believe that it is too great a risk to ignore this assumption ...
MATLAB, part II Simple data summaries – mean, variance, etc Built
MATLAB, part II Simple data summaries – mean, variance, etc Built

... the correct thing to do (at least if it acted like the other nan functions). If pairwise deletion (all complete pairs are used) is done, you can end up with a estimated covariance matrix which is not positive semidefinite. Listwise deletion (any NaNs in a row will remove observation from all calcs) ...
REAL ESTATE STATISTICS WITHOUT FEAR
REAL ESTATE STATISTICS WITHOUT FEAR

Statistical Weather Forecasting
Statistical Weather Forecasting

... to construct confidence intervals around the parameter values obtained. (also used for hypothesis testing about population values). We assumed Gaussian distributions. Eqns of intersept and slope Showing that the percision with which the b and a can be estimated depends on the estimated standard devi ...
STA 130 (Winter 2016): An Introduction to Statistical Reasoning and
STA 130 (Winter 2016): An Introduction to Statistical Reasoning and

... • Problem: σ is unknown! Could replace it by its estimate, s. This is like a “bold” option (though quite accurate if n is large). Is there also a “conservative” option? No! σ could be very large! − Instead, can compensate by using the “t distribution” instead of the normal distribution. (“t test”) T ...
Linear regression
Linear regression

... • Standard error is stanard deviation, it allows us to calculate z-scores and therefore area (probability) under the curve for certain region, • Any point estimator is an estimation and will contain error, • This error can be minimized by selecting large sample from the population from which to est ...
confidence interval
confidence interval

Variance estimation with imputed data
Variance estimation with imputed data

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descriptive statistics i: tabular and graphical methods
descriptive statistics i: tabular and graphical methods

... Steps of Hypothesis Testing Step 1. Develop the null and alternative hypotheses. Step 2. Specify the level of significance . ...
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Two samples comparing means
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... unequal sample size constraint, this is because here we are talking about having to use another sampling distribution rather than the good old t one. This is in contrast to just changing the sample sizes where we could carry on using the t PDF, unfortunately now we have a sampling distribution that ...
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The Complete Idiot`s Guide to Statistics

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EDFI 6410 Course Packet

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1983grading1980

... from the study. Of the remaining 4933 subjects, 6 are missing data on smoking status, 13 on BMI, 10 on systolic blood pressure, and 117 on ankle-arm blood pressure index. This missing data may introduce bias and affect generalizability of our results. Of the 4933 subjects with CRP results, 428 subje ...
Statistics – Theory
Statistics – Theory

... this data in the form we call descriptive statistics, which was published as Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality. Shortly thereafter he was elected as a member of Royal Society. Thus, statistics has to borrow some concepts from sociology, such as the concept of Popula ...
posterior predictive assessment of model fitness via realized
posterior predictive assessment of model fitness via realized

Critical Value
Critical Value

... unequal sample size constraint, this is because here we are talking about having to use another sampling distribution rather than the good old t one. This is in contrast to just changing the sample sizes where we could carry on using the t PDF, unfortunately now we have a sampling distribution that ...
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Foundations of statistics

Foundations of statistics is the usual name for the epistemological debate in statistics over how one should conduct inductive inference from data. Among the issues considered in statistical inference are the question of Bayesian inference versus frequentist inference, the distinction between Fisher's ""significance testing"" and Neyman-Pearson ""hypothesis testing"", and whether the likelihood principle should be followed. Some of these issues have been debated for up to 200 years without resolution.Bandyopadhyay & Forster describe four statistical paradigms: ""(1) classical statistics or error statistics, (ii) Bayesian statistics, (iii) likelihood-based statistics, and (iv) the Akaikean-Information Criterion-based statistics"".Savage's text Foundations of Statistics has been cited over 10000 times on Google Scholar. It tells the following.It is unanimously agreed that statistics depends somehow on probability. But, as to what probability is and how it is connected with statistics, there has seldom been such complete disagreement and breakdown of communication since the Tower of Babel. Doubtless, much of the disagreement is merely terminological and would disappear under sufficiently sharp analysis.
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