The Impacts Of Goods And Services Tax (Gst) On Middle Income Earners In Malaysia:
... level to help achieve the necessary employment figure closer to full-employment since the market, on its own, would hardly produce such a result. The income distribution would, however, be achieved through a fusion of taxation and government expenditure policies indirectly affecting the level of agg ...
... level to help achieve the necessary employment figure closer to full-employment since the market, on its own, would hardly produce such a result. The income distribution would, however, be achieved through a fusion of taxation and government expenditure policies indirectly affecting the level of agg ...
22.4 Possible Obstacles to Effective Fiscal Policy
... increase in transfer payments, and/or a tax cut causes an increase in AD. Moving up along the SRAS curve, the price level rises and real output rises as we reach a new short-run equilibrium. This is not a long-run (sustainable) equilibrium. High level of AD at beyond full capacity puts pressure on i ...
... increase in transfer payments, and/or a tax cut causes an increase in AD. Moving up along the SRAS curve, the price level rises and real output rises as we reach a new short-run equilibrium. This is not a long-run (sustainable) equilibrium. High level of AD at beyond full capacity puts pressure on i ...
1 Why is VAT the key for tax transition?
... • Potential VAT base = major macroeconomic aggregate • VAT, effective tax revenue mobilisation in countries with large unregistered sector (Emran, Stiglitz, 2006 vs Cameroon, Senegal, etc.) ...
... • Potential VAT base = major macroeconomic aggregate • VAT, effective tax revenue mobilisation in countries with large unregistered sector (Emran, Stiglitz, 2006 vs Cameroon, Senegal, etc.) ...
... utility constant, but they differ because they are based on differing utility levels. Compensating variation effectively maintains utility at the level that obtains before the price change occurs, while equivalent variation maintains utility at the level that obtains after the price change occurs. ...
paper - University of California, Berkeley
... government expenditures rising after declines in revenue, because spending on unemployment insurance and other relief measures typically rises in bad economic times. In this case, both revenues and spending are being driven by an omitted variable: the state of the economy. These examples suggest tha ...
... government expenditures rising after declines in revenue, because spending on unemployment insurance and other relief measures typically rises in bad economic times. In this case, both revenues and spending are being driven by an omitted variable: the state of the economy. These examples suggest tha ...
The Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Changes: Estimates Based on a
... That views of the effects of tax changes vary so radically largely reflects the fact that measuring these effects is very difficult. Changes in taxes occur for many reasons. Some legislated tax changes are passed for philosophical reasons or to reduce the budget deficit. Others are passed because a ...
... That views of the effects of tax changes vary so radically largely reflects the fact that measuring these effects is very difficult. Changes in taxes occur for many reasons. Some legislated tax changes are passed for philosophical reasons or to reduce the budget deficit. Others are passed because a ...
Tax Attractiveness and the Location of German-Controlled
... involves little judgment, whereas Simmons (2003) bases his research on evaluations and perceptions of professionals. This also explains, why we do not include some of his dimensions (e.g. transparency and predictability of tax judgments), for which factual data is impossible to retrieve to the best ...
... involves little judgment, whereas Simmons (2003) bases his research on evaluations and perceptions of professionals. This also explains, why we do not include some of his dimensions (e.g. transparency and predictability of tax judgments), for which factual data is impossible to retrieve to the best ...
The Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Changes
... offsetting a change in government spending; offsetting some factor other than spending likely to affect output in the near future; dealing with an inherited budget deficit; and achieving some long-run goal, such as higher normal growth, increased fairness, or a smaller role for government. We also m ...
... offsetting a change in government spending; offsetting some factor other than spending likely to affect output in the near future; dealing with an inherited budget deficit; and achieving some long-run goal, such as higher normal growth, increased fairness, or a smaller role for government. We also m ...
Dynamic Capital Tax Competition in a Two-country Model
... assumption of perfect capital mobility. The government of each jurisdiction solves an optimal taxation problem under commitment, treating foreign policies as given. The instruments available to governments are time-dependent source-based proportional capital income taxes, proportional labour income ...
... assumption of perfect capital mobility. The government of each jurisdiction solves an optimal taxation problem under commitment, treating foreign policies as given. The instruments available to governments are time-dependent source-based proportional capital income taxes, proportional labour income ...
Fiscal Policy for Development in the Dominican Republic
... essential tool all countries can use to achieve the difficult task of acquiring sufficient resources to pay for the education, healthcare, infrastructure and other services their citizens need and expect. However, taxation is about more than just obtaining enough revenue to fund public spending. It ...
... essential tool all countries can use to achieve the difficult task of acquiring sufficient resources to pay for the education, healthcare, infrastructure and other services their citizens need and expect. However, taxation is about more than just obtaining enough revenue to fund public spending. It ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES DO TAX CUTS STARVE THE BEAST?
... cut without an associated spending cut weakens the link in voters’ minds between spending and taxes, and so leads them to demand greater spending. ...
... cut without an associated spending cut weakens the link in voters’ minds between spending and taxes, and so leads them to demand greater spending. ...
Personal income tax progressivity and output - ECB
... negative relationship to the progressivity of income taxes arguing that, given the same federal income tax schedule across states, higher income per capita (or dierences in its distribution) leads to higher state income tax revenue ratios. Considering also the timeseries dimension of the data, Debr ...
... negative relationship to the progressivity of income taxes arguing that, given the same federal income tax schedule across states, higher income per capita (or dierences in its distribution) leads to higher state income tax revenue ratios. Considering also the timeseries dimension of the data, Debr ...
Freiburger Diskussionspapiere Freiburg Discussionpapers
... Buchanan (1950) considers fiscal equity as the basis for systems of fiscal equalization between jurisdictions in a federation. Second, Buchanan and Wagner (1970) and Buchanan and Goetz (1972) analyze possible inefficiencies emerging in a system of competitive federalism. These papers belong to the t ...
... Buchanan (1950) considers fiscal equity as the basis for systems of fiscal equalization between jurisdictions in a federation. Second, Buchanan and Wagner (1970) and Buchanan and Goetz (1972) analyze possible inefficiencies emerging in a system of competitive federalism. These papers belong to the t ...
Monetarism, New Classical Theory, and Supply-Side
... Milton Friedman has been the leading spokesman for monetarism over the last few decades. Most monetarists do not advocate an activist monetary policy stabilization. ...
... Milton Friedman has been the leading spokesman for monetarism over the last few decades. Most monetarists do not advocate an activist monetary policy stabilization. ...
Paying Taxes 2016 Ten years of in-depth analysis on tax
... EU & EFTA has however reduced its profit tax Total Tax Rate over the same period, while in Central Asia & Eastern Europe the profit tax Total Tax Rate has increased. It is hard to draw clear conclusions from these changes other than to say that individual economies in each region appear to be tailor ...
... EU & EFTA has however reduced its profit tax Total Tax Rate over the same period, while in Central Asia & Eastern Europe the profit tax Total Tax Rate has increased. It is hard to draw clear conclusions from these changes other than to say that individual economies in each region appear to be tailor ...
Empirical Evidence on the Aggregate Effects of Anticipated and
... Our analysis is based upon a narrative account measurement of tax changes. Specifically, we adopt the narrative account of post World War II legislated federal U.S. tax bills provided by Romer and Romer (2007, 2008a). We focus upon those tax changes that Romer and Romer (2008a) classify as exogenous ...
... Our analysis is based upon a narrative account measurement of tax changes. Specifically, we adopt the narrative account of post World War II legislated federal U.S. tax bills provided by Romer and Romer (2007, 2008a). We focus upon those tax changes that Romer and Romer (2008a) classify as exogenous ...
English
... exemptions, tax allowances, tax credits and tax holidays thereby increasing the level of income available for spending on the acquisition, creation or enhancement - other than routine maintenance-, of fixed assets. Buss (2001) on the contrary argues that tax incentives, job creation tax incentives a ...
... exemptions, tax allowances, tax credits and tax holidays thereby increasing the level of income available for spending on the acquisition, creation or enhancement - other than routine maintenance-, of fixed assets. Buss (2001) on the contrary argues that tax incentives, job creation tax incentives a ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES AND UNANTICIPATED U.S. TAX POLICY SHOCKS
... Our analysis is based upon a narrative account measurement of tax changes. Specifically, we adopt the narrative account of post World War II legislated federal U.S. tax bills provided by Romer and Romer (2007, 2008). We focus upon those tax changes that Romer and Romer (2008) classify as exogenous b ...
... Our analysis is based upon a narrative account measurement of tax changes. Specifically, we adopt the narrative account of post World War II legislated federal U.S. tax bills provided by Romer and Romer (2007, 2008). We focus upon those tax changes that Romer and Romer (2008) classify as exogenous b ...
Christina D. Romer David H. Romer University of California, Berkeley
... The relationship between revenues and spending is surely not independent of the causes of changes in revenues. For example, if spending-driven tax changes are common, a regression of spending on revenues will almost certainly show a positive correlation. But this relationship does not show that tax ...
... The relationship between revenues and spending is surely not independent of the causes of changes in revenues. For example, if spending-driven tax changes are common, a regression of spending on revenues will almost certainly show a positive correlation. But this relationship does not show that tax ...
TAX POLICY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH*
... point of equilibrium: A+B+C. On the other hand, producer surplus is a benefit that a producer gains in the market. It is defined as a value that the producer gets for his goods in the market, minus cost of production of these goods. It is the surface between the supply curve and the price in the poi ...
... point of equilibrium: A+B+C. On the other hand, producer surplus is a benefit that a producer gains in the market. It is defined as a value that the producer gets for his goods in the market, minus cost of production of these goods. It is the surface between the supply curve and the price in the poi ...
Heritage Foundation Tax Incidence
... used to produce the product, which reduces workers’ wages and investors’ returns on saving. Note that most consumers are also workers and/ or suppliers of capital (unless they are living entirely on welfare or other transfer payments). The excise tax, insofar as consumers pay it or insofar as it lea ...
... used to produce the product, which reduces workers’ wages and investors’ returns on saving. Note that most consumers are also workers and/ or suppliers of capital (unless they are living entirely on welfare or other transfer payments). The excise tax, insofar as consumers pay it or insofar as it lea ...
No 15
... It was possible to show that the government resorts chiefly to public investment (Ip) cuts and tax increases to make fiscal adjustments. In doing so, the government was right for public investment on the short run but wrong for tax rates (t). Indeed, the regression analysis showed Ip was positively ...
... It was possible to show that the government resorts chiefly to public investment (Ip) cuts and tax increases to make fiscal adjustments. In doing so, the government was right for public investment on the short run but wrong for tax rates (t). Indeed, the regression analysis showed Ip was positively ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume
... to retain all, or most all, of locally earned pretax income. Investment projects of modest anticipated value, with expected pretax returns too low to justify undertaking if the returns would be subject to taxation at normal rates, might be deemed worthwhile if located in tax havens and therefore tax ...
... to retain all, or most all, of locally earned pretax income. Investment projects of modest anticipated value, with expected pretax returns too low to justify undertaking if the returns would be subject to taxation at normal rates, might be deemed worthwhile if located in tax havens and therefore tax ...
Barro Redlick paper 0210
... In comparison to these three large wars, the post-1954 period features much more modest variations in defense spending. The largest values—1.2% in 1966 and 1.1% in 1967—apply to the early part of the Vietnam War. These values are much smaller than those for the Korean War; moreover, after 1967, the ...
... In comparison to these three large wars, the post-1954 period features much more modest variations in defense spending. The largest values—1.2% in 1966 and 1.1% in 1967—apply to the early part of the Vietnam War. These values are much smaller than those for the Korean War; moreover, after 1967, the ...
Ambiguity, Audit Errors, and Tax Compliance
... The above models assume that the IRS’s audit finalizes tax liabilities and that there is no interaction between the taxpayer and the IRS after an audit. This approach is suitable for a setting where taxpayer uncertainty originates from complex but unambiguous tax rules. In such an environment, an au ...
... The above models assume that the IRS’s audit finalizes tax liabilities and that there is no interaction between the taxpayer and the IRS after an audit. This approach is suitable for a setting where taxpayer uncertainty originates from complex but unambiguous tax rules. In such an environment, an au ...
Supply-side economics
Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomics which argues that economic growth can be most effectively created by investing in capital, and by lowering barriers on the production of goods and services. According to supply-side economics, consumers will then benefit from a greater supply of goods and services at lower prices; furthermore, the investment and expansion of businesses will increase the demand for employees and therefore create jobs. Typical policy recommendations of supply-side economists are lower marginal tax rates and less regulation.The term ""supply-side economics"" was thought, for some time, to have been coined by journalist Jude Wanniski in 1975, but according to Robert D. Atkinson's Supply-Side Follies, the term ""supply side"" (""supply-side fiscalists"") was first used by Herbert Stein, a former economic adviser to President Nixon, in 1976, and only later that year was this term repeated by Jude Wanniski. Its use connotes the ideas of economists Robert Mundell and Arthur Laffer. Supply-side economics is likened by critics to ""trickle-down economics,"" a rhetorical term which is not an economic theory.The Laffer curve illustrates a central theory of supply-side economics, that lowering tax rates may have a positive impact on work, output, and employment and generate more government revenue than would otherwise be expected at the lower tax rate due to the tax cut's economic effect. However, the Laffer curve only measures the rate of taxation, not tax incidence, which is a stronger predictor of whether a tax code change is stimulative or dampening. In addition, studies have shown that tax cuts seldom recoup revenue losses and have minimal impact on GDP growth.