revised Chemical Kinetics
... the mechanism by which chemical reactions proceed. It provides a rational approach to stabilization of drug products and prediction of shelf- life and optimum storage conditions. e.g. thiamine HCl is most stable at pH 2-3 and is unstable at pH above 6. If this is combined with a buffered vehicle of ...
... the mechanism by which chemical reactions proceed. It provides a rational approach to stabilization of drug products and prediction of shelf- life and optimum storage conditions. e.g. thiamine HCl is most stable at pH 2-3 and is unstable at pH above 6. If this is combined with a buffered vehicle of ...
Stoichiometry
... • A 2.00 g sample of ammonia is mixed with 4.00 g of oxygen. Which is the limiting reactant and how much excess reactant remains after the reaction has stopped? • First, we need to create a balanced equation for the reaction: 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g)4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) • Next we can use stoichiometry to ca ...
... • A 2.00 g sample of ammonia is mixed with 4.00 g of oxygen. Which is the limiting reactant and how much excess reactant remains after the reaction has stopped? • First, we need to create a balanced equation for the reaction: 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g)4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) • Next we can use stoichiometry to ca ...
equilibrium
... Pressure: depends on moles (coefficients) of reactants and products 4 moles of reactants vs. 2 moles of products Increase pressure: reaction SHIFTS to the RIGHT to reduce # of moles - reduces pressure reducing the number of moles reduces pressure! ...
... Pressure: depends on moles (coefficients) of reactants and products 4 moles of reactants vs. 2 moles of products Increase pressure: reaction SHIFTS to the RIGHT to reduce # of moles - reduces pressure reducing the number of moles reduces pressure! ...
a ΔG - KFUPM Resources v3
... + 3[ΔGf (O2(g)] – 2[ΔGf (KClO3(s)] = 2[– 408.3 kJ/mol] + 3 [0] – 2[ – 289.9 kJ/mol] = – 816.6 – (– 579.8) = – 236.8 kJ/mol o The reaction is spontaneous. o A negative ΔG corresponds to a larger equilibrium constant (K), while a positive ΔG corresponds to a smaller equilibrium constant (K). Dr. A ...
... + 3[ΔGf (O2(g)] – 2[ΔGf (KClO3(s)] = 2[– 408.3 kJ/mol] + 3 [0] – 2[ – 289.9 kJ/mol] = – 816.6 – (– 579.8) = – 236.8 kJ/mol o The reaction is spontaneous. o A negative ΔG corresponds to a larger equilibrium constant (K), while a positive ΔG corresponds to a smaller equilibrium constant (K). Dr. A ...
Chapter 4 – Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
... – Note: the above equation is both not balanced and not complete. It only shows the components (reactants) that undergoes changes is oxidation numbers; – Redox reactions in acidic solution means that you need to add H+ ion in the equation, which produces water as one of the products. ...
... – Note: the above equation is both not balanced and not complete. It only shows the components (reactants) that undergoes changes is oxidation numbers; – Redox reactions in acidic solution means that you need to add H+ ion in the equation, which produces water as one of the products. ...
The enthalpy change
... As one mole of every gas will occupy the same volume at a given temperature and pressure, we can use volumes and the molar ratio to calculate volumes of reactants or products. Consider the following reaction: Ammonia (NH3), which is both a useful and profitable compound, can be produced in the chemi ...
... As one mole of every gas will occupy the same volume at a given temperature and pressure, we can use volumes and the molar ratio to calculate volumes of reactants or products. Consider the following reaction: Ammonia (NH3), which is both a useful and profitable compound, can be produced in the chemi ...
Theoretical Study of Gas-Phase Reactions of Fe(CO)5 with OH
... Revision of the homogeneously Fe(CO)5-catalyzed water gas shift reaction in the gas phase has been performed by means of quantum chemical calculations using gradient-corrected density functional theory (B3LYP) and ab initio methods at the CCSD(T) level. The classically assumed reaction path has been ...
... Revision of the homogeneously Fe(CO)5-catalyzed water gas shift reaction in the gas phase has been performed by means of quantum chemical calculations using gradient-corrected density functional theory (B3LYP) and ab initio methods at the CCSD(T) level. The classically assumed reaction path has been ...
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
... Draw in the NH3 molecules that will result from the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen in the above container. How many NH3 molecules will be formed? _______________________ What will be left over?__________________________ To determine how much product will be formed from a given mixture of reactant ...
... Draw in the NH3 molecules that will result from the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen in the above container. How many NH3 molecules will be formed? _______________________ What will be left over?__________________________ To determine how much product will be formed from a given mixture of reactant ...
3.1.1.2 Mass number and isotopes
... The chemical properties of elements depend on their atomic structure and in particular on the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus. The arrangement of electrons in orbitals is linked to the way in which elements are organised in the Periodic Table. Chemists can measure the mass of atoms and m ...
... The chemical properties of elements depend on their atomic structure and in particular on the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus. The arrangement of electrons in orbitals is linked to the way in which elements are organised in the Periodic Table. Chemists can measure the mass of atoms and m ...
Chapter 4: Reactions in Aqueous Solution
... 1) Water is a very common solvent due to its wide availability and low cost (most of our world is water). 2) Many reactions take place in aqueous solution. The term aqueous means dissolved in water. 3) Hydration of solids in Water A) Solid dissolves (falls apart) through interaction of ions with wat ...
... 1) Water is a very common solvent due to its wide availability and low cost (most of our world is water). 2) Many reactions take place in aqueous solution. The term aqueous means dissolved in water. 3) Hydration of solids in Water A) Solid dissolves (falls apart) through interaction of ions with wat ...
Enzyme catalysis
Enzyme catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction by the active site of a protein. The protein catalyst (enzyme) may be part of a multi-subunit complex, and/or may transiently or permanently associate with a Cofactor (e.g. adenosine triphosphate). Catalysis of biochemical reactions in the cell is vital due to the very low reaction rates of the uncatalysed reactions. A key driver of protein evolution is the optimization of such catalytic activities via protein dynamics.The mechanism of enzyme catalysis is similar in principle to other types of chemical catalysis. By providing an alternative reaction route the enzyme reduces the energy required to reach the highest energy transition state of the reaction. The reduction of activation energy (Ea) increases the amount of reactant molecules that achieve a sufficient level of energy, such that they reach the activation energy and form the product. As with other catalysts, the enzyme is not consumed during the reaction (as a substrate is) but is recycled such that a single enzyme performs many rounds of catalysis.