Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... the activity of many neurons was linearly correlated with the reward probability indicated by the CSs. ...
... the activity of many neurons was linearly correlated with the reward probability indicated by the CSs. ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
... efficiently support survival and reproduction. Moreover, circadian activity patterns may serve as separation mechanisms for sympatric species, e.g. those using identical food recourses, in that they demand or constitute temporal niches, thereby reducing competition for potentially limited resources ...
... efficiently support survival and reproduction. Moreover, circadian activity patterns may serve as separation mechanisms for sympatric species, e.g. those using identical food recourses, in that they demand or constitute temporal niches, thereby reducing competition for potentially limited resources ...
Targeting of Monomer/Misfolded SOD1 as a Therapeutic Strategy for
... quantified using NIH ImageJ software. The blots were reprobed with a monoclonal anti-GAPDH antibody (1:5000; Biodesign) to show equal loading. To determine whether sera generated from the immunized mice recognized human SOD1 in transgenic mice, spinal cords from nontransgenic (non-Tg) and SOD1 G37R ...
... quantified using NIH ImageJ software. The blots were reprobed with a monoclonal anti-GAPDH antibody (1:5000; Biodesign) to show equal loading. To determine whether sera generated from the immunized mice recognized human SOD1 in transgenic mice, spinal cords from nontransgenic (non-Tg) and SOD1 G37R ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... might underlie the evolution of species-specific behaviors. Serotonin (5-HT) immunohistochemistry in eleven nudibranch species indicated that certain groups of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons, such as the Cerebral Serotonergic Posterior (CeSP) cluster, are present in all species. However, the locations ...
... might underlie the evolution of species-specific behaviors. Serotonin (5-HT) immunohistochemistry in eleven nudibranch species indicated that certain groups of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons, such as the Cerebral Serotonergic Posterior (CeSP) cluster, are present in all species. However, the locations ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... • There is a clear unmet need to develop novel therapeutic strategies to treat disabling levodopa and DBS resistant axial disturbances in PD. • Because the PPN is an integral component of the MLR there has been recent exploration of this novel target. • Suportingdata in animal studies sugges ...
... • There is a clear unmet need to develop novel therapeutic strategies to treat disabling levodopa and DBS resistant axial disturbances in PD. • Because the PPN is an integral component of the MLR there has been recent exploration of this novel target. • Suportingdata in animal studies sugges ...
Early Thiamine Deficiency
... Leigh’s disease patients’ blood and tissue are normal, and thiamine administration does not ameliorate the condition. A test for the inhibitor did not provide a conclusive indication of the presence of Leigh’s disease, there being significant false positives and false negatives. Recent studies have ...
... Leigh’s disease patients’ blood and tissue are normal, and thiamine administration does not ameliorate the condition. A test for the inhibitor did not provide a conclusive indication of the presence of Leigh’s disease, there being significant false positives and false negatives. Recent studies have ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... to maintain a long, consolidated awake period. Anatomical studies of neural projections from/to orexin neurons and phenotypic characterization of transgenic mice revealed various roles for orexin neurons in the coordination of emotion, energy homeostasis, reward system, and arousal. For example, ore ...
... to maintain a long, consolidated awake period. Anatomical studies of neural projections from/to orexin neurons and phenotypic characterization of transgenic mice revealed various roles for orexin neurons in the coordination of emotion, energy homeostasis, reward system, and arousal. For example, ore ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... neurons in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus of the unanesthetized rabbit. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 1097–1113, 1999. The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a major auditory nucleus that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus. Despite its prominence, the responses ...
... neurons in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus of the unanesthetized rabbit. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 1097–1113, 1999. The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a major auditory nucleus that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus. Despite its prominence, the responses ...
Distinct Neuropathologic Phenotypes After Disrupting the
... effective therapies for these autosomal recessive disorders, their relentless disease course invariably ends in premature death (12, 13). Disease-causing mutations have been identified in at least 8 genes (13, 14), but there are still variant and adultonset NCL cases with no characterized molecular b ...
... effective therapies for these autosomal recessive disorders, their relentless disease course invariably ends in premature death (12, 13). Disease-causing mutations have been identified in at least 8 genes (13, 14), but there are still variant and adultonset NCL cases with no characterized molecular b ...
The Role of Neurotrophins in Neurotransmitter Release
... enhanced Ca2+ signaling in the presynaptic nerve terminal (Stoop and Poo 1995, 1996), very little is known regarding the modulation of presynaptic calcium transients by BDNF. BDNF has been shown to selectively up-regulate the functional expression of non-L-type (N-, P/Q-, and R-type) Ca2+ channels i ...
... enhanced Ca2+ signaling in the presynaptic nerve terminal (Stoop and Poo 1995, 1996), very little is known regarding the modulation of presynaptic calcium transients by BDNF. BDNF has been shown to selectively up-regulate the functional expression of non-L-type (N-, P/Q-, and R-type) Ca2+ channels i ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... general feeling for the numbers involved when we discuss 5-HT anatomy in the CNS. It may seem somewhat surprising that so much has been written about so little, i.e., the neurons in the entire mammalian CNS number in the billions, whereas serotonergic cells number in the thousands. Therefore they co ...
... general feeling for the numbers involved when we discuss 5-HT anatomy in the CNS. It may seem somewhat surprising that so much has been written about so little, i.e., the neurons in the entire mammalian CNS number in the billions, whereas serotonergic cells number in the thousands. Therefore they co ...
Wild type human TDP-43 potentiates ALS-linked mutant TDP
... strength, with no overt evidence of neurodegeneration [27], while motor neuron specific knockdown results in age dependent progressive motor dysfunction and motor neuron loss [30, 31]. Studies investigating the effect of overexpression of human wild-type (WT) or disease mutant TDP-43 have demonstrat ...
... strength, with no overt evidence of neurodegeneration [27], while motor neuron specific knockdown results in age dependent progressive motor dysfunction and motor neuron loss [30, 31]. Studies investigating the effect of overexpression of human wild-type (WT) or disease mutant TDP-43 have demonstrat ...
Dokument_1 - KLUEDO - Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
... in the soma surface of the MNTB neurons is consistent with: 1) weaker KCC2 labelling in this nucleus throughout the investigated period and a delay in the development of an inhibitory machinery in comparison to MSO, LSO, and SPN; 2) an initial period of missing or less powerful inhibition and coloca ...
... in the soma surface of the MNTB neurons is consistent with: 1) weaker KCC2 labelling in this nucleus throughout the investigated period and a delay in the development of an inhibitory machinery in comparison to MSO, LSO, and SPN; 2) an initial period of missing or less powerful inhibition and coloca ...
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
... primary afferents project to secondary vestibular neurons located in the vestibular complex. Vestibular primary afferents also project to the uvula-nodulus of the cerebellum where they terminate on granule cells. In this report we describe the physiological properties of neurons in a “new” vestibula ...
... primary afferents project to secondary vestibular neurons located in the vestibular complex. Vestibular primary afferents also project to the uvula-nodulus of the cerebellum where they terminate on granule cells. In this report we describe the physiological properties of neurons in a “new” vestibula ...
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease
The biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common causes of adult dementia, is as yet not well understood. AD has been identified as a protein misfolding disease due to the accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta protein in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. Amyloid beta, also written Aβ, is a short peptide that is an abnormal proteolytic byproduct of the transmembrane protein amyloid precursor protein (APP), whose function is unclear but thought to be involved in neuronal development. The presenilins are components of proteolytic complex involved in APP processing and degradation.Amyloid beta monomers are soluble and contain short regions of beta sheet and polyproline II helix secondary structures in solution, though they are largely alpha helical in membranes; however, at sufficiently high concentration, they undergo a dramatic conformational change to form a beta sheet-rich tertiary structure that aggregates to form amyloid fibrils. These fibrils deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as senile plaques or neuritic plaques, in less dense aggregates as diffuse plaques, and sometimes in the walls of small blood vessels in the brain in a process called amyloid angiopathy or congophilic angiopathy.AD is also considered a tauopathy due to abnormal aggregation of the tau protein, a microtubule-associated protein expressed in neurons that normally acts to stabilize microtubules in the cell cytoskeleton. Like most microtubule-associated proteins, tau is normally regulated by phosphorylation; however, in AD patients, hyperphosphorylated tau accumulates as paired helical filaments that in turn aggregate into masses inside nerve cell bodies known as neurofibrillary tangles and as dystrophic neurites associated with amyloid plaques. Although little is known about the process of filament assembly, it has recently been shown that a depletion of a prolyl isomerase protein in the parvulin family accelerates the accumulation of abnormal tau.Neuroinflammation is also involved in the complex cascade leading to AD pathology and symptoms. Considerable pathological and clinical evidence documents immunological changes associated with AD, including increased pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Whether these changes may be a cause or consequence of AD remains to be fully understood, but inflammation within the brain, including increased reactivity of the resident microglia towards amyloid deposits, has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of AD.