Kynurenines in CNS disease: regulation by inflammatory cytokines
... and viruses (Musso et al., 1994). IFN-γ, a type II interferon, is the predominant cytokine implicated in the induction of IDO, as has been shown in several myeloid cell types including dendritic cells, monocytes, immortalized murine macrophages, and microglia (Alberati-Giani et al., 1996; Fujigaki e ...
... and viruses (Musso et al., 1994). IFN-γ, a type II interferon, is the predominant cytokine implicated in the induction of IDO, as has been shown in several myeloid cell types including dendritic cells, monocytes, immortalized murine macrophages, and microglia (Alberati-Giani et al., 1996; Fujigaki e ...
Okamoto Devel Neurbiol Review
... into dHb and vHb based on differences in cytoarchitecture (Braford and Northcutt, 1983; Kemali and Làzàr, 1985). The zebrafish dHb projects to the IPN (Aizawa et al., 2005; Gamse et al., 2005) and is thus analogous to the medial habenula of mammals [Fig. 3(A,B)]. Axonal tracing in live and fixed fish ...
... into dHb and vHb based on differences in cytoarchitecture (Braford and Northcutt, 1983; Kemali and Làzàr, 1985). The zebrafish dHb projects to the IPN (Aizawa et al., 2005; Gamse et al., 2005) and is thus analogous to the medial habenula of mammals [Fig. 3(A,B)]. Axonal tracing in live and fixed fish ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD) to measure fluorescence intensity relative to background (adjacent non-TH region). For each group of wake-active neurons, the total number of nucleated wake neurons on all relevant sections were counted, and the percentage of these neuro ...
... Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD) to measure fluorescence intensity relative to background (adjacent non-TH region). For each group of wake-active neurons, the total number of nucleated wake neurons on all relevant sections were counted, and the percentage of these neuro ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... Other claustral neurons lack spines and so have largely smooth dendrites (figure 4b,c). There appear to be two types of aspiny neurons, one with ‘large’ and the other with ‘small’ cell bodies. The latter are fairly compact cells, whereas the dendrite and axons of the large type are more extensive. T ...
... Other claustral neurons lack spines and so have largely smooth dendrites (figure 4b,c). There appear to be two types of aspiny neurons, one with ‘large’ and the other with ‘small’ cell bodies. The latter are fairly compact cells, whereas the dendrite and axons of the large type are more extensive. T ...
Anticipated synchronization in neuronal circuits
... systems coupled in a master-slave configuration when the slave is subject to a negative delayed self-feedback. Many examples of AS dynamics have been found in different systems, however, theoretical and experimental evidence for it in the brain has been lacking. In this thesis work we investigate th ...
... systems coupled in a master-slave configuration when the slave is subject to a negative delayed self-feedback. Many examples of AS dynamics have been found in different systems, however, theoretical and experimental evidence for it in the brain has been lacking. In this thesis work we investigate th ...
Multiple signalling modalities mediated by dendritic exocytosis of
... and increased bundling [10,11]. Another salient feature is that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal o ...
... and increased bundling [10,11]. Another salient feature is that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal o ...
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Second Edition
... • Studies show better function & decision making at 60 than 30! • Decreased capacity for sending impulses (esp. hearing, vision, smell, taste) • Voluntary muscular activity can decrease significantly ...
... • Studies show better function & decision making at 60 than 30! • Decreased capacity for sending impulses (esp. hearing, vision, smell, taste) • Voluntary muscular activity can decrease significantly ...
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons 15
... innervate the same visceral organs, but they cause opposite effects: One division stimulates some smooth muscle to contract or a gland to secrete; the other division inhibits that action. The sympathetic division mobilizes the body during extreme situations such as fear, exercise, or rage. The paras ...
... innervate the same visceral organs, but they cause opposite effects: One division stimulates some smooth muscle to contract or a gland to secrete; the other division inhibits that action. The sympathetic division mobilizes the body during extreme situations such as fear, exercise, or rage. The paras ...
INDUCTION AND RECOVERY TIME COURSE OF RAT BRAIN
... also generate reactive oxygen species and substrate-derived radicals, especially when induced; these can mediate lipid peroxidation, protein inactivation, and DNA damage, leading to cellular injury (Cederbaum et al., 2001). Elevated levels of CYP2E1 in the central nervous system could thus lead to i ...
... also generate reactive oxygen species and substrate-derived radicals, especially when induced; these can mediate lipid peroxidation, protein inactivation, and DNA damage, leading to cellular injury (Cederbaum et al., 2001). Elevated levels of CYP2E1 in the central nervous system could thus lead to i ...
Fig. 1
... remains mostly unknown. Since neuronal polarity mechanisms depend on local stability and degradation, we asked whether Hsp90 could be a regulator of axonal polarity and growth. Thus, we studied the role of Hsp90 activity in a well established model of cultured hippocampal neurons using an Hsp90 spec ...
... remains mostly unknown. Since neuronal polarity mechanisms depend on local stability and degradation, we asked whether Hsp90 could be a regulator of axonal polarity and growth. Thus, we studied the role of Hsp90 activity in a well established model of cultured hippocampal neurons using an Hsp90 spec ...
Altered cortical and subcortical connectivity due to infrasound
... activity causes fluctuations of the blood oxygen dependent (BOLD) signal, which can then be visualized using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). The fact that these brain regions consistently show a decrease in activity during task performance and an increase during fixatio ...
... activity causes fluctuations of the blood oxygen dependent (BOLD) signal, which can then be visualized using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). The fact that these brain regions consistently show a decrease in activity during task performance and an increase during fixatio ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... et al. [1989] hypothesized that TMS stimulation must be exciting the tangentially oriented neural elements at the gyral crown, such as horizontal interneurons or horizontal collaterals of pyramidal track axons. This inference is based entirely on the assumption that TMS-induced excitation occurs at ...
... et al. [1989] hypothesized that TMS stimulation must be exciting the tangentially oriented neural elements at the gyral crown, such as horizontal interneurons or horizontal collaterals of pyramidal track axons. This inference is based entirely on the assumption that TMS-induced excitation occurs at ...
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... stringent criterion for autoradiographic labeling we used, based on mean nuclear diameter, tends to ignore small pieces of 3H-labeled nuclei, which rarely if ever meet criterion level (Clark et al., 1990). This minimizes potential double-counting errors and, within the range of nuclear diameters fou ...
... stringent criterion for autoradiographic labeling we used, based on mean nuclear diameter, tends to ignore small pieces of 3H-labeled nuclei, which rarely if ever meet criterion level (Clark et al., 1990). This minimizes potential double-counting errors and, within the range of nuclear diameters fou ...
Subgraphs of functional brain networks identify dynamical
... responses. Current theory suggests that cooperative and competitive interactions between brain areas may mediate processes of network reorganization that support transitions between dynamical states. In this study, we used a quantitative approach to identify distinct topological states of functional ...
... responses. Current theory suggests that cooperative and competitive interactions between brain areas may mediate processes of network reorganization that support transitions between dynamical states. In this study, we used a quantitative approach to identify distinct topological states of functional ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... (,15 ms) indicates that they may, like CEm neurons22,23, receive direct input from sensory thalamus24. Cross-correlating spontaneously occurring spikes of simultaneously recorded CElon and CEloff neurons revealed substantial, yet asymmetrical, short-latency inhibitory interactions between the two cl ...
... (,15 ms) indicates that they may, like CEm neurons22,23, receive direct input from sensory thalamus24. Cross-correlating spontaneously occurring spikes of simultaneously recorded CElon and CEloff neurons revealed substantial, yet asymmetrical, short-latency inhibitory interactions between the two cl ...
Sympathetic innervation of human muscle spindles
... and the periaxial space of approximately 1/3 of the muscle spindles. Moreover, alpha1a-adrenoreceptor immunoreactivity on the surface of the intrafusal fibers is present in the polar region of a high percentage of muscle spindles in the rabbit masseter muscle (Bombardi et al. 2006). However, data on ...
... and the periaxial space of approximately 1/3 of the muscle spindles. Moreover, alpha1a-adrenoreceptor immunoreactivity on the surface of the intrafusal fibers is present in the polar region of a high percentage of muscle spindles in the rabbit masseter muscle (Bombardi et al. 2006). However, data on ...
Lesion of the perforant path triggers a biphasic neurogenic response
... occurs in areas d istant to a lesion site, astrocytes hypertrophy but rem ain tiled (Figure 2B; Wilhelm sson et al., 2006). In such cases, tissue reorganization is m inim al, and reactive astrogliosis resolves w ithin a few w eeks. H ow ever, follow ing m ore severe CN S insults such as m ajor trau ...
... occurs in areas d istant to a lesion site, astrocytes hypertrophy but rem ain tiled (Figure 2B; Wilhelm sson et al., 2006). In such cases, tissue reorganization is m inim al, and reactive astrogliosis resolves w ithin a few w eeks. H ow ever, follow ing m ore severe CN S insults such as m ajor trau ...
Physiological origins and functional correlates of EEG rhythmic
... that surrounds the cell and its axonal and dendritic processes. When at rest, current gradients maintain a small electrical potential across the cell membrane. Excitatory impulses reaching the cell release transmitter substances that can reduce, or depolal~ze, this potential. If this depolarization ...
... that surrounds the cell and its axonal and dendritic processes. When at rest, current gradients maintain a small electrical potential across the cell membrane. Excitatory impulses reaching the cell release transmitter substances that can reduce, or depolal~ze, this potential. If this depolarization ...
University of Groningen Gustatory neural processing in the
... neurons in awake rats, after gustatory stimulation with the standard four taste stimuli 114 and a number of additional stimuli that were chemically or behaviorally related to the standard stimuli 115. Taste neurons in the NTS most often responded best to sucrose (41%), less frequently to citric acid ...
... neurons in awake rats, after gustatory stimulation with the standard four taste stimuli 114 and a number of additional stimuli that were chemically or behaviorally related to the standard stimuli 115. Taste neurons in the NTS most often responded best to sucrose (41%), less frequently to citric acid ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
Effort and Valuation in the Brain
... action choice. To discover whether brain areas represent effort and outcome valence together or if they represent one but not the other, we examined these variables in an explicitly orthogonal way. We did this by asking human subjects to exert one of two levels of effort to improve their chances of ...
... action choice. To discover whether brain areas represent effort and outcome valence together or if they represent one but not the other, we examined these variables in an explicitly orthogonal way. We did this by asking human subjects to exert one of two levels of effort to improve their chances of ...
Somatosensory cortex functional connectivity
... connectivity is equivalent to bottom-up connectivity, but it is defined independently of context (e.g. emotional load, attention state, memory, or learning). Feedback connectivity refers to inputs arriving into the supragranular layers of the cortex and usually progresses downwards or in parallel acr ...
... connectivity is equivalent to bottom-up connectivity, but it is defined independently of context (e.g. emotional load, attention state, memory, or learning). Feedback connectivity refers to inputs arriving into the supragranular layers of the cortex and usually progresses downwards or in parallel acr ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.