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The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a
The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a

... that yielded the slides were donated by Dr Harvey’s Estate and curated by the National Museum of Health and Medicine in 2010. Except for those mentioned in the report by Witelson et al. (1999b), the location of other extant photographs is unknown or unacknowledged. The materials were physically acqu ...
Mitochondrial support of persistent presynaptic vesicle mobilization
Mitochondrial support of persistent presynaptic vesicle mobilization

... and it contained 124 nondocked vesicles and nine docked vesicles. The b3 had 82 nondocked vesicles and two vesicles docked at the PSD which was 4.4 mm from the nearest mitochondrion (b4, nonsyn mito, Dm3, orange line) and 5.3 mm from the end of the axon reconstruction (D3end). Scale cube is 0.5 mm o ...
A role for sleep in brain plasticity
A role for sleep in brain plasticity

... synchronized bursting in thalamocortical circuits, transient increases of intra-cellular calcium and, in some mammals, the release of somatotropins [13,55,56]. A role for non-REM sleep in developmental cortical plasticity is suggested by maturational changes in non-REM sleep that coincide with perio ...
Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum

... and left hemisphere and the two halves are connected by the corpus callosum this bundle of nerve tissue contains over 200, corpus callosum and brain function thoughtco - corpus callosum location directionally the corpus callosum is located underneath the cerebrum at the midline of the brain it resid ...
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the

... not only from new methods of exploring the brain, including new neuroanatomical staining techniques and brain imaging methods in humans, but also from a need to unite our knowledge of brain function and structure with clinical observations. The task is to enable an integration of brain-behavior rela ...
Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an
Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an

... different, but overlapping, areas of the midbrain (Figure 3; Figure 3-figure supplement 1; Figure 3-figure supplement 2; Figure 3-figure supplement 3) (Bjorklund and Dunnett, 2007; Haber, 2014; Lammel et al., 2008; Swanson, 1982). Interestingly, we observed an overlapping but dorsolaterally shifted ...
Signal processing methods in Sleep Research
Signal processing methods in Sleep Research

... After all from an evolutionary point of view sleep seems like a bad idea, yet • Sleep is universal across species. • Sleep affects the vast majority of body functions including: immune function, hormonal regulation, metabolism, and thermoregulation. • Sleep’s core function appears to be for the brai ...
Substance P and Cholecystokinin-like lmmunoreactive Varicosities
Substance P and Cholecystokinin-like lmmunoreactive Varicosities

... extend our thanks to Dr. Nathan M. Appel for his assistance in developing the image-processing protocols. These studies were supported by NIH Grant NS 17702 and Northwestern College of Chiropractic Medicine. Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Virginia S. Seybold, University of Minnesota Medic ...
Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep
Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep

... More recent neuroimaging studies have addressed the correlates of phasic neural events that build up the architecture of sleep stages. These studies are based on the assumption that brain activity during a specific stage of sleep is not constant and homogeneous over time, but is structured by sponta ...
indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major
indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major

... 2000). These findings suggest that the SCN is not responsible for maintaining behavioral states, but influences their timing in a circadian manner. Behavioral states are, in fact, controlled by a neural system that networks across widely distributed brain regions (Steriade and McCarley, 1990; Lydic ...
Neurological characterization of mice deficient in GSK3α highlight
Neurological characterization of mice deficient in GSK3α highlight

... * Correspondence: [email protected] ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience

... mice were intraperitoneally injected with 3 mg/Kg of racemic mecamylamine, and immediately put back into their cage. Withdrawal signs were recorded by an experimenter blind to treatment and genotype, for 20 min (nicotine in osmotic minipump) or 10 min (nicotine in drinking water). A pilot study cond ...
Paper
Paper

... the white matter of the parietal operculum overlying the lateral sulcus, as shown in Figure 1. This is not observed in marmosets, but is present in macaques (Baizer, 2014) and humans, though the functional significance and cortical connectivity of this region remain poorly characterized. Definition ...
Decreased cohesin in the brain leads to defective synapse
Decreased cohesin in the brain leads to defective synapse

... Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan ...
Everitt et al. (2000) in The Amygdala - Rudolf Cardinal
Everitt et al. (2000) in The Amygdala - Rudolf Cardinal

... associative representations formed during conditioning, as part of a larger limbic cortico-striatal circuit. We suggest that the basolateral amygdala is required for a conditioned stimulus to gain access to the current value of its specific unconditioned stimulus, while the central nucleus is respon ...
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive

... through increasing the number (or size) of neurons that participate in any task, this is both costly and limited: neurons are not fully independent in their activity, therefore stochasticity remains. Ultimately, this neural stochasticity results in stochastic choice behaviour (Glimcher, 2005). Secon ...
Interactions between amygdala central nucleus and the ventral
Interactions between amygdala central nucleus and the ventral

... enhancement is mediated by the influence of CeA on nigrostriatal systems. Specifically, CeA neurons project to dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc; Gonzales & Chesselet, 1990; Lee et al., 2005), which in turn innervate the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). Elevated activity in t ...
Neuromorphic computing
Neuromorphic computing

... The Leaky integrate and fire model (LIAF) adds a resistance in the circuit in order to model the leakage of charge. Moreover, a battery is added to represent the equilibrium potential of the cell membrane. ...
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by

... application of 100 µM resveratrol the frequency of sEPSCs significantly increased to 4.2 ± 0.8 Hz (range from 0.8 to 8.2 Hz, n = 8, p < 0.05) (Figures 1A–C). The average amplitude of sEPSCs was 13.2 ± 1.4 pA (range from 7.5 to 19.2 pA) before and 10.3 ± 0.6 pA (range from 8.0 to 13.7 pA) after appli ...
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford

... Cell density per segment was obtained by dividing the estimated number of neurons per segment in each animal by the total segment volume, then taking the mean across animals. For sections processed by both in situ hybridization and IHC, we could not use an optical fractionator as the silver grains r ...
glial versus neuronal uptake of glutamate
glial versus neuronal uptake of glutamate

Assessing the research potential of access to
Assessing the research potential of access to

... secure environment; in exceptional cases, data transfer to the user’s server may be considered. We found that researchers in general welcomed these new initiatives, but we also heard about cases when access to data via a “remote desktop” presented challenges to efficient analysis. Examples of this t ...
Comprehensive Review of Golgi Staining Methods for Nervous Tissue
Comprehensive Review of Golgi Staining Methods for Nervous Tissue

... Golgi staining has been modified and developed since Camillo Golgi introduced the black reaction in 1873. This study focuses on the commonly used Golgi staining methods and presents comprehensive data regarding three Golgi staining methods along with their strong and weak points. The Golgi–Cox metho ...
Maximizing over Multiple Pattern Databases Speeds up Heuristic
Maximizing over Multiple Pattern Databases Speeds up Heuristic

Hikosaka O - lsr
Hikosaka O - lsr

... tissue that includes the habenula is transplanted into these rats the normal sleep pattern and atonia are restored15,17. Second, the firing of habenula neurons shows circadian rhythmicity 18, even in slice preparations19. Third, neural activity of the LHb or the MHb increases markedly during drug-in ...
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Neuroinformatics

Neuroinformatics is a research field concerned with the organization of neuroscience data by the application of computational models and analytical tools. These areas of research are important for the integration and analysis of increasingly large-volume, high-dimensional, and fine-grain experimental data. Neuroinformaticians provide computational tools, mathematical models, and create interoperable databases for clinicians and research scientists. Neuroscience is a heterogeneous field, consisting of many and various sub-disciplines (e.g., Cognitive Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, and Behavioral Genetics). In order for our understanding of the brain to continue to deepen, it is necessary that these sub-disciplines are able to share data and findings in a meaningful way; Neuroinformaticians facilitate this.Neuroinformatics stands at the intersection of neuroscience and information science. Other fields, like genomics, have demonstrated the effectiveness of freely-distributed databases and the application of theoretical and computational models for solving complex problems. In Neuroinformatics, such facilities allow researchers to more easily quantitatively confirm their working theories by computational modeling. Additionally, neuroinformatics fosters collaborative research—an important fact that facilitates the field's interest in studying the multi-level complexity of the brain.There are three main directions where neuroinformatics has to be applied: the development of tools and databases for management and sharing of neuroscience data at all levels of analysis, the development of tools for analyzing and modeling neuroscience data, the development of computational models of the nervous system and neural processes.In the recent decade, as vast amounts of diverse data about the brain were gathered by many research groups, the problem was raised of how to integrate the data from thousands of publications in order to enable efficient tools for further research. The biological and neuroscience data are highly interconnected and complex, and by itself, integration represents a great challenge for scientists.Combining informatics research and brain research provides benefits for both fields of science. On one hand, informatics facilitates brain data processing and data handling, by providing new electronic and software technologies for arranging databases, modeling and communication in brain research. On the other hand, enhanced discoveries in the field of neuroscience will invoke the development of new methods in information technologies (IT).
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