Evolution of codon usage bias in Drosophila
... Levels of Bias. Several measures of the degree of codon bias for a given gene have been developed. Here we use one termed the effective number of codons, ENC (4). This is analogous to the effective number of alleles and is related to the ‘‘homozygosity’’ for codons—i.e., the probability that two ran ...
... Levels of Bias. Several measures of the degree of codon bias for a given gene have been developed. Here we use one termed the effective number of codons, ENC (4). This is analogous to the effective number of alleles and is related to the ‘‘homozygosity’’ for codons—i.e., the probability that two ran ...
Standard PDF - Wiley Online Library
... active or sedentary insects trapped at each site, I calculated a selec- ...
... active or sedentary insects trapped at each site, I calculated a selec- ...
How trophic interaction strength depends on traits
... species within trophic niche space is defined by its trophic traits alone, that is, by the traits relevant for determining trophic interactions. A first fundamental question raised by Cohen (1977) is how many dimensions the trophic niche space possesses or, equivalently, how many different trophic t ...
... species within trophic niche space is defined by its trophic traits alone, that is, by the traits relevant for determining trophic interactions. A first fundamental question raised by Cohen (1977) is how many dimensions the trophic niche space possesses or, equivalently, how many different trophic t ...
Sexual Dimorphism in Bite Performance Drives Morphological
... from predation, as well as high bite forces in the context of intraspecific encounters [16,17]. This results in a trade-off between the two selective pressures, with the relative strength of natural and sexual selection on particular head traits being partly dependent on the environment (e.g., [18–2 ...
... from predation, as well as high bite forces in the context of intraspecific encounters [16,17]. This results in a trade-off between the two selective pressures, with the relative strength of natural and sexual selection on particular head traits being partly dependent on the environment (e.g., [18–2 ...
Managing ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation in
... Currently, most synergies that exist between ecosystem services provision and biodiversity conservation are co-incidental, rather than the result of optimized management. Naidoo et al. (2008) illustrate this point by mapping global proxies for four ecosystem services and targets for biodiversity con ...
... Currently, most synergies that exist between ecosystem services provision and biodiversity conservation are co-incidental, rather than the result of optimized management. Naidoo et al. (2008) illustrate this point by mapping global proxies for four ecosystem services and targets for biodiversity con ...
Introduction - A New Development @ Chavoux.com
... index) used as index of active growth, a moving standard deviation index, local short- and medium-term range assessment data compared to regional data, nutritional status of game ...
... index) used as index of active growth, a moving standard deviation index, local short- and medium-term range assessment data compared to regional data, nutritional status of game ...
Estimating resource acquisition and at‐sea body condition of a
... 2008a, 2011; Robinson et al. 2010). It is important to note that condition in elephant seals is driven not only by resource acquisition, but also by physiological decisions by the animal to preferentially store lean or lipid tissue (Condit & Ortiz 1987). This is an important behaviour as it can infl ...
... 2008a, 2011; Robinson et al. 2010). It is important to note that condition in elephant seals is driven not only by resource acquisition, but also by physiological decisions by the animal to preferentially store lean or lipid tissue (Condit & Ortiz 1987). This is an important behaviour as it can infl ...
14_chapter 4
... All the 59 isolated purple bacterial strains (Table 3.2) could not be subjected to the laborious polyphasic characterization, which includes large numbers (about 150) of tests. Hence, for detailed polyphasic characterization, 9 strains (JA194T, JA276T, JA296T, JA248T, JA430T, JA310T, JA531T, JA349T, ...
... All the 59 isolated purple bacterial strains (Table 3.2) could not be subjected to the laborious polyphasic characterization, which includes large numbers (about 150) of tests. Hence, for detailed polyphasic characterization, 9 strains (JA194T, JA276T, JA296T, JA248T, JA430T, JA310T, JA531T, JA349T, ...
Molecular genetics of the extracellular lipase of
... Lipases are triacylglycerol acylhydrolases (EC 3.1.1.3) that preferentially hydrolyse emulsified triglycerides. In organic solvents, lipases are also able to catalyse reverse reactions, e.g. the synthesis of esters, and transesterifications. The reaction mechanism postulated for the catalytic activi ...
... Lipases are triacylglycerol acylhydrolases (EC 3.1.1.3) that preferentially hydrolyse emulsified triglycerides. In organic solvents, lipases are also able to catalyse reverse reactions, e.g. the synthesis of esters, and transesterifications. The reaction mechanism postulated for the catalytic activi ...
Movement behaviour and mortality in invasive and indigenous
... beds) and at meso scales (in bays and on the open coast). M. galloprovincialis moved more and had higher mortality rates than did P. perna. For both species, mortality was greater at the edge than at the centre of beds, and on the open coast than in bays. Mussels at the edge of beds moved more than ...
... beds) and at meso scales (in bays and on the open coast). M. galloprovincialis moved more and had higher mortality rates than did P. perna. For both species, mortality was greater at the edge than at the centre of beds, and on the open coast than in bays. Mussels at the edge of beds moved more than ...
The Conservation of Sea Turtles: Practices and Problems1
... rious shortcomings. The maturation time of sea turtles under wild conditions is still not known; it appears to be very variable, and the populations of the green turtle, at least, that have been studied do not appear to even approach the known potential growth and maturation rates observed in well-f ...
... rious shortcomings. The maturation time of sea turtles under wild conditions is still not known; it appears to be very variable, and the populations of the green turtle, at least, that have been studied do not appear to even approach the known potential growth and maturation rates observed in well-f ...
Desiccation of Rock Pool Habitats and Its Influence on Population
... influenced by the habitat’s abiotic and biotic features [1,2,3]. The occurrence of most species is also predetermined by climatic constraints such as weather extremes, by the physical properties of the habitat, by the presence of food resources or by inter-specific competition. These environmental c ...
... influenced by the habitat’s abiotic and biotic features [1,2,3]. The occurrence of most species is also predetermined by climatic constraints such as weather extremes, by the physical properties of the habitat, by the presence of food resources or by inter-specific competition. These environmental c ...
Primate Seed Dispersal
... stomachs (Fleagle 1999) and allow these monkeys to store multiple fruits and extract the pulp without incurring the costs of ingested seeds (Lambert 1999). They may process the fruits and spit out seeds at or away from parent trees. Other primates consistently prey upon seeds (App. 31.1) as ingested ...
... stomachs (Fleagle 1999) and allow these monkeys to store multiple fruits and extract the pulp without incurring the costs of ingested seeds (Lambert 1999). They may process the fruits and spit out seeds at or away from parent trees. Other primates consistently prey upon seeds (App. 31.1) as ingested ...
The Stability and Persistence of Mutualisms Embedded in
... given a feasible equilibrium. As with any model community of more than two species, it is difficult to disentangle these stability conditions. In this case any of the conditions other than F 1 can be the crucial one that determines stability. A simple analysis of the signs of the a ij terms shows th ...
... given a feasible equilibrium. As with any model community of more than two species, it is difficult to disentangle these stability conditions. In this case any of the conditions other than F 1 can be the crucial one that determines stability. A simple analysis of the signs of the a ij terms shows th ...
Ecological processes responsible for species co
... distributions in Ohio. I found that in sympatry, both species were more aggressive towards individuals of the other species than when each was found in allopatry, indicating that the process of alpha-selection may have led to the evolution of enhanced aggressive behavior in sympatry. Within some sym ...
... distributions in Ohio. I found that in sympatry, both species were more aggressive towards individuals of the other species than when each was found in allopatry, indicating that the process of alpha-selection may have led to the evolution of enhanced aggressive behavior in sympatry. Within some sym ...
Have feral boar significantly impacted hazel dormouse populations
... behaviour in Britain has been found to modify ground flora in subsequent years (Sims 2006, Harmer et al. 2011), and also has the potential to alter shrub vegetation structure. Ecological issues associated with native wild boar are less obvious in continental Europe, where they have remained widespre ...
... behaviour in Britain has been found to modify ground flora in subsequent years (Sims 2006, Harmer et al. 2011), and also has the potential to alter shrub vegetation structure. Ecological issues associated with native wild boar are less obvious in continental Europe, where they have remained widespre ...
Diet and impacts of brushtail possum populations across an
... when the relative abundances of possums and common bird species were monitored, and vegetation composition and condition were assessed. The sampling strategy used in this study means that we effectively have a sample size of one for each site sampled, although we use sampling stations and individual ...
... when the relative abundances of possums and common bird species were monitored, and vegetation composition and condition were assessed. The sampling strategy used in this study means that we effectively have a sample size of one for each site sampled, although we use sampling stations and individual ...
Daphnia as keystone predators - Orlando Sarnelle
... from estimates of average cell volume, assuming that phytoplankton have a specific gravity of 1 and a dry : wet mass ratio of 0.10 (Rieman and Falter, 1981). To assess Daphnia’s effects on phytoplankton assemblage structure, relative abundance data for the 10 most common species were subjected to pr ...
... from estimates of average cell volume, assuming that phytoplankton have a specific gravity of 1 and a dry : wet mass ratio of 0.10 (Rieman and Falter, 1981). To assess Daphnia’s effects on phytoplankton assemblage structure, relative abundance data for the 10 most common species were subjected to pr ...
The Effect of Density-Independent Mortality on the Coexistence of
... j, then a low enough value of d implies that resource j is the only resource present at each of the two possible singleconsumer communities. In this case, d 1 max p d 1 min, and coexistence is impossible. However, d 1 max ⫺ d 1 min increases as soon as d is large enough that both resources are prese ...
... j, then a low enough value of d implies that resource j is the only resource present at each of the two possible singleconsumer communities. In this case, d 1 max p d 1 min, and coexistence is impossible. However, d 1 max ⫺ d 1 min increases as soon as d is large enough that both resources are prese ...
A review of factors limiting recovery of Pacific herring stocks in Canada
... underscored fisheries management philosophy early in the past century (Skud, 1975). As longer dataseries have accrued, theories relating population regulation to fisheries management have shifted from single species to multispecies and ecosystem considerations. Consequently, the factors identified a ...
... underscored fisheries management philosophy early in the past century (Skud, 1975). As longer dataseries have accrued, theories relating population regulation to fisheries management have shifted from single species to multispecies and ecosystem considerations. Consequently, the factors identified a ...
research applied to the conservation of seabirds breeding on
... than present day populations, especially in large isolated islands with no terrestrial predators, like the Balearic islands (Alcover et al. 1981). However, the arrival of the Neolithic culture to this area, some 4-6 000 years ago, changed abruptly the status quo and initiated a seabird population de ...
... than present day populations, especially in large isolated islands with no terrestrial predators, like the Balearic islands (Alcover et al. 1981). However, the arrival of the Neolithic culture to this area, some 4-6 000 years ago, changed abruptly the status quo and initiated a seabird population de ...
Goliath grouper issues in Florida: fact or fiction. Christopher C
... southeastern U. S. waters are recovering after both the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Councils and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission mandated total protection for this heavily exploited and overfished species in 1990. The question is: can managers of fisheries ...
... southeastern U. S. waters are recovering after both the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Councils and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission mandated total protection for this heavily exploited and overfished species in 1990. The question is: can managers of fisheries ...
The interplay of physical and biotic factors in
... differ on how larval dispersal operates within a hierarchical framework. This is unimportant for the present discussion, so I will simply note that marine species achieve broad geographic ranges and high rates of gene flow by several mechanisms besides larval dispersal (e.g. rafting of bryozoans, Wa ...
... differ on how larval dispersal operates within a hierarchical framework. This is unimportant for the present discussion, so I will simply note that marine species achieve broad geographic ranges and high rates of gene flow by several mechanisms besides larval dispersal (e.g. rafting of bryozoans, Wa ...