Diapositiva 1 - Universidad de Sevilla
... Raltegravir failure was associated with integrase mutations in 2 distinct genetic pathways defined by 2 or more mutations including: (1) a signature (major) mutation at either Q148H/K/R or N155H; and (2) 1 or more minor mutations unique to each pathway. Minor mutations described in the Q148H/K/R pat ...
... Raltegravir failure was associated with integrase mutations in 2 distinct genetic pathways defined by 2 or more mutations including: (1) a signature (major) mutation at either Q148H/K/R or N155H; and (2) 1 or more minor mutations unique to each pathway. Minor mutations described in the Q148H/K/R pat ...
Treatments of metabolic diseases
... Neutralizing antibodies were (most of the time) not associated with a reduction in efficacy of the enzyme preparation (or transient) Most infusion-related reactions are mild (fever, flush, tachycardia, ..) ...
... Neutralizing antibodies were (most of the time) not associated with a reduction in efficacy of the enzyme preparation (or transient) Most infusion-related reactions are mild (fever, flush, tachycardia, ..) ...
Metabolism & Enzymes
... Too much activation energy for life Activation energy amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecule moves the reaction over an “energy hill” ...
... Too much activation energy for life Activation energy amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecule moves the reaction over an “energy hill” ...
Chemical Equations
... Reaction Types: Synthesis or Composition • Synthesis are, at this introductory level, almost always the reverse of a decomposition reaction. That means that two pieces join together to produce one, a more complex compound. These pieces can be elements or simpler compounds. • A + B ---> AB Reaction ...
... Reaction Types: Synthesis or Composition • Synthesis are, at this introductory level, almost always the reverse of a decomposition reaction. That means that two pieces join together to produce one, a more complex compound. These pieces can be elements or simpler compounds. • A + B ---> AB Reaction ...
James W. Whittaker - Oxygen reactions of the copper oxidases
... hydrogen peroxide) has specific interactions with biological systems [2,3]. Dioxygen itself can bind reversibly with oxygen carriers, such as haemoglobin (the haemoprotein of mammalian blood), haemerythrin (a non-haem iron protein in the haemolymph of certain marine worms) or haemocyanin (a copper p ...
... hydrogen peroxide) has specific interactions with biological systems [2,3]. Dioxygen itself can bind reversibly with oxygen carriers, such as haemoglobin (the haemoprotein of mammalian blood), haemerythrin (a non-haem iron protein in the haemolymph of certain marine worms) or haemocyanin (a copper p ...
Chapter 2 - Microbial Growth and Nutrition
... a. autotrophs use CO2 b. heterotrophs use organic molecules 4. There is no such thing as a “universal medium” B. Macronutrients 1. Nutrients needed in high concentrations for four major cellular polymers a. Proteins b. Lipids c. Nucleic acids d. Polysaccharides (carbohydrates) 2. Nutrients needed ar ...
... a. autotrophs use CO2 b. heterotrophs use organic molecules 4. There is no such thing as a “universal medium” B. Macronutrients 1. Nutrients needed in high concentrations for four major cellular polymers a. Proteins b. Lipids c. Nucleic acids d. Polysaccharides (carbohydrates) 2. Nutrients needed ar ...
five structure-function classes of membrane proteins
... Occlusion transporters bind substrates stereospecifically, one molecule per binding site. The protein pathway contains at least 7 transmembrane helices (TMH’s). The largest family of occlusion transporters is the 12 TMH family with several hundred examples. A web site that has a comprehensive list o ...
... Occlusion transporters bind substrates stereospecifically, one molecule per binding site. The protein pathway contains at least 7 transmembrane helices (TMH’s). The largest family of occlusion transporters is the 12 TMH family with several hundred examples. A web site that has a comprehensive list o ...
A candidate gene marker for bloat susceptibility in cattle?
... bSP30 gene expression. It may therefore be pertinent to investigate the control of bSP30 gene expression in order to understand the underlying cause for the variation. These analyses did not distinguish between bSP30a and bSP30b. It will also be of interest to examine relative expression of these tw ...
... bSP30 gene expression. It may therefore be pertinent to investigate the control of bSP30 gene expression in order to understand the underlying cause for the variation. These analyses did not distinguish between bSP30a and bSP30b. It will also be of interest to examine relative expression of these tw ...
Computational Structural Genomics of a Complete Minimal Organism
... techniques of analyzing protein structure. When these are determined to be robust, we will apply those methods to the structures determined as part of this project. One method is direct comparisons with functionally characterized homologues, using a structural alignment tool such as MINAREA [3]. Ano ...
... techniques of analyzing protein structure. When these are determined to be robust, we will apply those methods to the structures determined as part of this project. One method is direct comparisons with functionally characterized homologues, using a structural alignment tool such as MINAREA [3]. Ano ...
Week 1 – Cell structure and Function and Cell membranes
... Food is absorbed through the intestine wall by the process of diffusion The small intestine is suited to it’s job as it is - very long, folded and has villi (giving it a large surface area for food absorption) - the lining (epithelium) is only one cell think allowing nutrients to pass through it ...
... Food is absorbed through the intestine wall by the process of diffusion The small intestine is suited to it’s job as it is - very long, folded and has villi (giving it a large surface area for food absorption) - the lining (epithelium) is only one cell think allowing nutrients to pass through it ...
Impact of Ischemia on Cellular Metabolism
... pyruvate produced by glycolysis to be degraded. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and feeds into the Krebs cycle, which provides the nicoti‐ namide adenine dinucleotide (NADH, H+) and flavine adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) cofac‐ tors for oxidative phosphorylation ...
... pyruvate produced by glycolysis to be degraded. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and feeds into the Krebs cycle, which provides the nicoti‐ namide adenine dinucleotide (NADH, H+) and flavine adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) cofac‐ tors for oxidative phosphorylation ...
Current Uses of Synthetic Biology for Renewable Chemicals
... improved microorganisms and process innovations. DSM has gone on from these early days of biotechnology and exploration of the bioeconomy to create new businesses within its Biobased Products & Services unit. Major biotechnology advances are opening up opportunities in the production of biofuels and ...
... improved microorganisms and process innovations. DSM has gone on from these early days of biotechnology and exploration of the bioeconomy to create new businesses within its Biobased Products & Services unit. Major biotechnology advances are opening up opportunities in the production of biofuels and ...
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
... RNA and Transcription 1/5/15 RNA = ribonucleic acid The structure of RNA consists of a sugar, phosphate, and one of 4 nitrogenous bases. Sugar = Ribose Bases = Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Uracil (in place of Thymine). Single-stranded Intermediary molecule between DNA and Proteins 3 types of RNA: mes ...
... RNA and Transcription 1/5/15 RNA = ribonucleic acid The structure of RNA consists of a sugar, phosphate, and one of 4 nitrogenous bases. Sugar = Ribose Bases = Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Uracil (in place of Thymine). Single-stranded Intermediary molecule between DNA and Proteins 3 types of RNA: mes ...
pyruvate
... from two moles of acetate (as acetyl-CoA), being the overall net reaction: 2 acetyl-CoA + 2H2O + NAD+ = succinate + 2CoA + NADH + H+ The glyoxylate cycle replenishes intermediates of the Krebs cycle and conserves carbon that would otherwise be oxidized and lost to biosynthetic pathways, with the fin ...
... from two moles of acetate (as acetyl-CoA), being the overall net reaction: 2 acetyl-CoA + 2H2O + NAD+ = succinate + 2CoA + NADH + H+ The glyoxylate cycle replenishes intermediates of the Krebs cycle and conserves carbon that would otherwise be oxidized and lost to biosynthetic pathways, with the fin ...
Chapter 3: DNA and the Genetic Code
... or enzyme is the amino acid.10 There are twenty amino acids used in constructing proteins, most of which contain the suffix “ine,” e.g., phenylalanine, serine, tyrosine. Amino acids are frequently abbreviated by three letters, usually the first three letters of the name—e.g., phe for phenylalanine, ...
... or enzyme is the amino acid.10 There are twenty amino acids used in constructing proteins, most of which contain the suffix “ine,” e.g., phenylalanine, serine, tyrosine. Amino acids are frequently abbreviated by three letters, usually the first three letters of the name—e.g., phe for phenylalanine, ...
Revised Higher 2014 Paper
... 3 Check that the answer sheet you have been given has your name, date of birth, SCN (Scottish Candidate Number) and Centre Name printed on it. Do not change any of these details. 4 If any of this information is wrong, tell the Invigilator immediately. 5 If this information is correct, pr ...
... 3 Check that the answer sheet you have been given has your name, date of birth, SCN (Scottish Candidate Number) and Centre Name printed on it. Do not change any of these details. 4 If any of this information is wrong, tell the Invigilator immediately. 5 If this information is correct, pr ...
pdf
... a. Approximately 20 enzymes, one per amino acid. b. Must recognize several cognate tRNAs, i.e. that accept the same amino acid but recognize a different codon in the mRNA (a consequence of the degeneracy in the genetic code). c. Must not recognize the incorrect tRNA - i.e. these enzymes require prec ...
... a. Approximately 20 enzymes, one per amino acid. b. Must recognize several cognate tRNAs, i.e. that accept the same amino acid but recognize a different codon in the mRNA (a consequence of the degeneracy in the genetic code). c. Must not recognize the incorrect tRNA - i.e. these enzymes require prec ...
ENERGY CURRENCY
... order for it to be utilized, it first must be converted into ATP. In order for this conversion to occur, oxidative pathways must be available. NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and is found in all cells. It is actually classified as a coenzyme . In its reduced high energy form it is official ...
... order for it to be utilized, it first must be converted into ATP. In order for this conversion to occur, oxidative pathways must be available. NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and is found in all cells. It is actually classified as a coenzyme . In its reduced high energy form it is official ...
Short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
... SCHAD (short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; EC 1.1.1.35) catalyses the NAD+ -dependent conversion of L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA to 3-ketoacyl-CoA in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. The Schad gene is expressed in most tissues including the pancreas [1] but SCHAD activity is particularly high ...
... SCHAD (short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; EC 1.1.1.35) catalyses the NAD+ -dependent conversion of L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA to 3-ketoacyl-CoA in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. The Schad gene is expressed in most tissues including the pancreas [1] but SCHAD activity is particularly high ...
BIO S - Chapter 13 RNA
... Proteins are made by joining amino acids together into long chains, called polypeptides. As many as 20 different amino acids are commonly found in polypeptides. ...
... Proteins are made by joining amino acids together into long chains, called polypeptides. As many as 20 different amino acids are commonly found in polypeptides. ...
electron transport chain
... • Metabolic pathways that release the energy stored in complex organic molecules are catabolic. • One type of catabolic process, fermentation, leads to the partial degradation of sugars in the absence of oxygen. • A more efficient and widespread catabolic process, cellular respiration, uses oxygen ...
... • Metabolic pathways that release the energy stored in complex organic molecules are catabolic. • One type of catabolic process, fermentation, leads to the partial degradation of sugars in the absence of oxygen. • A more efficient and widespread catabolic process, cellular respiration, uses oxygen ...
Aerobic Metabolism ii: electron transport chain
... The cells of all eukaryotes (all animals, plants, fungi, algae – in other words, all living things except bacteria and archaea) contain intracellular organelles called mitochondria that produce ATP. Energy sources such as glucose are initially metabolized in the cytoplasm. The products are imported ...
... The cells of all eukaryotes (all animals, plants, fungi, algae – in other words, all living things except bacteria and archaea) contain intracellular organelles called mitochondria that produce ATP. Energy sources such as glucose are initially metabolized in the cytoplasm. The products are imported ...
Production of industrially relevant compounds in prokaryotic
... unless the context clearly indicates otherWise. It is further to be understood that all base siZes or amino acid siZes, and all molecular Weight or molecular mass values, given for nucleic acids or polypeptides are approximate, and are provided for description. Although methods and materials similar ...
... unless the context clearly indicates otherWise. It is further to be understood that all base siZes or amino acid siZes, and all molecular Weight or molecular mass values, given for nucleic acids or polypeptides are approximate, and are provided for description. Although methods and materials similar ...
kaedah-kaedah dalam biologi molekul
... TECHNIQUES IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY • CENTRIFUGATION- Separation of molecules/macromolecules/organelles according to the size, shape, density & gradient • ELECTROPHORESIS- Separation of molecules/macromolecules according to charge • MICROSCOPY- Structural examination of minute molecule/macromolecule/org ...
... TECHNIQUES IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY • CENTRIFUGATION- Separation of molecules/macromolecules/organelles according to the size, shape, density & gradient • ELECTROPHORESIS- Separation of molecules/macromolecules according to charge • MICROSCOPY- Structural examination of minute molecule/macromolecule/org ...
Biochemistry
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Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine to genetics are engaged in biochemical research. Today, the main focus of pure biochemistry is in understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of whole organisms.Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information encoded in DNA is able to result in the processes of life. Depending on the exact definition of the terms used, molecular biology can be thought of as a branch of biochemistry, or biochemistry as a tool with which to investigate and study molecular biology.Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life. The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions. These can be inorganic, for example water and metal ions, or organic, for example the amino acids which are used to synthesize proteins. The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism. The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of disease. In nutrition, they study how to maintain health and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies. In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control.