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This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... National Bureau of Economic Research
... Figure 3.1 depicts the evolution of the index for six groups of countries: (1) Industrial; (2) Latin America and the Caribbean; (3) Asia; (4) Africa; (5) Middle East and North Africa; and (6) Eastern Europe. This figure shows that the degree of capital mobility has increased in every one of these si ...
... Figure 3.1 depicts the evolution of the index for six groups of countries: (1) Industrial; (2) Latin America and the Caribbean; (3) Asia; (4) Africa; (5) Middle East and North Africa; and (6) Eastern Europe. This figure shows that the degree of capital mobility has increased in every one of these si ...
The impact of international capital flows on the South Africa
... negative trends in the economy. For example, the exuberance in the stock market experienced from the early-1990s that led to higher share prices seems to have continued and to have been supported by easier private sector access to credit. The same applies to growth of imports and household consumpti ...
... negative trends in the economy. For example, the exuberance in the stock market experienced from the early-1990s that led to higher share prices seems to have continued and to have been supported by easier private sector access to credit. The same applies to growth of imports and household consumpti ...
What is poverty and who are the poor
... outline defines “poverty” and “capitalism” in economic terms. In the accompanying 3 classroom activities, students first confront the slippery nature of their own use of the terms and then proceed to construct a tacit agreement about what the words will mean as they embark on their classroom investi ...
... outline defines “poverty” and “capitalism” in economic terms. In the accompanying 3 classroom activities, students first confront the slippery nature of their own use of the terms and then proceed to construct a tacit agreement about what the words will mean as they embark on their classroom investi ...
Poland`s exceptional performance during the world economic crisis
... Accordingly, Haltmaier (2012) has found that the negative permanent impact of recessions on the level of potential output is likely a result of lower capital-labor ratios due to lower investment.1 She has also found that while the depth of a recession is critical for reducing trend output in advance ...
... Accordingly, Haltmaier (2012) has found that the negative permanent impact of recessions on the level of potential output is likely a result of lower capital-labor ratios due to lower investment.1 She has also found that while the depth of a recession is critical for reducing trend output in advance ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CAPITAL DEEPENING AND NON-BALANCED ECONOMIC GROWTH Daron Acemoglu
... itself be non-balanced and will not restore balanced growth between sectors. To the best of our knowledge, despite the large literature on endogenous growth, there are no previous studies that combine endogenous technological progress and non-balanced growth.6 A variety of evidence suggests that no ...
... itself be non-balanced and will not restore balanced growth between sectors. To the best of our knowledge, despite the large literature on endogenous growth, there are no previous studies that combine endogenous technological progress and non-balanced growth.6 A variety of evidence suggests that no ...
Growth Effects of 1992 - Graduate Institute of International and
... effects. Yet if the latter exist, they are likely to dwarf the one-time gains. The growth effects can be described in theory and measured in practice. Even if 1992 has no permanent effect on European growth, it will bring a medium-run growth bonus. Higher productivity will improve the savings and in ...
... effects. Yet if the latter exist, they are likely to dwarf the one-time gains. The growth effects can be described in theory and measured in practice. Even if 1992 has no permanent effect on European growth, it will bring a medium-run growth bonus. Higher productivity will improve the savings and in ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INTEGRATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Hali J. Edison
... services, with positive growth effects (Klein and Olivei, 2000; Levine, 2001). On the other hand, IFI in the presence of pre-existing distortions can actually retard growth.1 Boyd and Smith (1992), for instance, show that IFI in countries with weak institutions and policies – e.g., weak financial an ...
... services, with positive growth effects (Klein and Olivei, 2000; Levine, 2001). On the other hand, IFI in the presence of pre-existing distortions can actually retard growth.1 Boyd and Smith (1992), for instance, show that IFI in countries with weak institutions and policies – e.g., weak financial an ...
Measuring inclusive wealth at the state level in the United States
... measure of economic growth to the extent that it is similar to the growth in the capital stock. However, it turns out that these two measures are the same only if the economy is following an optimal growth path.1 If the economy is not on an optimal growth path, then an income-based measure like GDP ...
... measure of economic growth to the extent that it is similar to the growth in the capital stock. However, it turns out that these two measures are the same only if the economy is following an optimal growth path.1 If the economy is not on an optimal growth path, then an income-based measure like GDP ...
Government Spending on Education, Human Capital
... public spending on education. The role of human capital in improving material well-being and in spurring economic growth can be hardy overstated. As a primary source of human capital, education makes labor force more productive, improves welfare and fosters growth. The positive externalities associa ...
... public spending on education. The role of human capital in improving material well-being and in spurring economic growth can be hardy overstated. As a primary source of human capital, education makes labor force more productive, improves welfare and fosters growth. The positive externalities associa ...
Banking system control, capital allocation, and economy performance
... to coordinate capital investment and orchestrate cross-industry subsidies, as an idealized central planner would. All else equal, these explanations point to more efficient capital allocation in countries whose banking systems are more thoroughly controlled by tycoons or business families. In opposit ...
... to coordinate capital investment and orchestrate cross-industry subsidies, as an idealized central planner would. All else equal, these explanations point to more efficient capital allocation in countries whose banking systems are more thoroughly controlled by tycoons or business families. In opposit ...
PDF
... Examining the aid-growth nexus has been approached from different ideological and methodological aspects. In the earliest study, the “two-gap” model developed by Chenery and Strout (1966) considers aid as a financial source to supplement domestic savings and foreign exchange earnings. As such, the p ...
... Examining the aid-growth nexus has been approached from different ideological and methodological aspects. In the earliest study, the “two-gap” model developed by Chenery and Strout (1966) considers aid as a financial source to supplement domestic savings and foreign exchange earnings. As such, the p ...
Labour or Total Factor Productivity: Do We Need to Choose?
... C:\WINDOWS\Labour or Total Factor Productivity (6)1.doc ...
... C:\WINDOWS\Labour or Total Factor Productivity (6)1.doc ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... of Economic Research
... As a complement to the cross- country analysis, we also use household survey data in Korea to examine whether families with fewer children invest more on their education. In our opinion, empirical evidence from Korea is particularly interesting in that Korea has gone through remarkably fast economic ...
... As a complement to the cross- country analysis, we also use household survey data in Korea to examine whether families with fewer children invest more on their education. In our opinion, empirical evidence from Korea is particularly interesting in that Korea has gone through remarkably fast economic ...
second year m...s Chao Li - Lund University Publications
... geography are factors such as local labor market and local entrepreneurs (Jaakko Simonen, Philip McCann, 2008). The reason for emphasizing factor of geography is that small firms or the start ups are the main actors that produce innovations and since small firms have limited financial and social res ...
... geography are factors such as local labor market and local entrepreneurs (Jaakko Simonen, Philip McCann, 2008). The reason for emphasizing factor of geography is that small firms or the start ups are the main actors that produce innovations and since small firms have limited financial and social res ...
UNDERSTANDING CAPITALISM 3rd Edition By Samuel Bowles
... UNDERSTANDING CAPITALISM 3rd Edition By Samuel Bowles, Richard Edwards, and Frank Roosevelt ...
... UNDERSTANDING CAPITALISM 3rd Edition By Samuel Bowles, Richard Edwards, and Frank Roosevelt ...
defining competitiveness through the theories
... geographical location of economic activity. The largest part of the analysis relies on neoclassical economy. Similar to neoclassical analysis, the primary analytical concept is “production function” that connects company (or state) output with the key factors: labour, capital and technology. Startin ...
... geographical location of economic activity. The largest part of the analysis relies on neoclassical economy. Similar to neoclassical analysis, the primary analytical concept is “production function” that connects company (or state) output with the key factors: labour, capital and technology. Startin ...
research paper series Research Paper 2005/41
... educational inequality. Blomström and Kokko (2003) have presented indirect evidence related to the issue, focusing on the interactions between FDI and human capital. They show that technology-intensive FDI will flow essentially towards those economies with high educational levels, further contributi ...
... educational inequality. Blomström and Kokko (2003) have presented indirect evidence related to the issue, focusing on the interactions between FDI and human capital. They show that technology-intensive FDI will flow essentially towards those economies with high educational levels, further contributi ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH AND CAPITAL FLOWS: Francisco J. Buera
... resources. The rise is gradual and persistent because the underdeveloped domestic financial markets can reallocate capital only slowly over time. Productive-but-poor individuals have to work for wage for a while before they can save up enough collateral and enter into entrepreneurship. In addition, ...
... resources. The rise is gradual and persistent because the underdeveloped domestic financial markets can reallocate capital only slowly over time. Productive-but-poor individuals have to work for wage for a while before they can save up enough collateral and enter into entrepreneurship. In addition, ...
What is poverty and who are the poor
... outline defines “poverty” and “capitalism” in economic terms. In the accompanying 3 classroom activities, students first confront the slippery nature of their own use of the terms and then proceed to construct a tacit agreement about what the words will mean as they embark on their classroom investi ...
... outline defines “poverty” and “capitalism” in economic terms. In the accompanying 3 classroom activities, students first confront the slippery nature of their own use of the terms and then proceed to construct a tacit agreement about what the words will mean as they embark on their classroom investi ...
riezman ge08 6483674 en
... desirable and are more willing to pay for it. The larger price markup over the non-ideal product makes outsourcing more pro…table. Thus, our model features “cross-country complementarity” that triggers the outsourcing equilibrium when local country income is su¢ ciently high. It is possible that out ...
... desirable and are more willing to pay for it. The larger price markup over the non-ideal product makes outsourcing more pro…table. Thus, our model features “cross-country complementarity” that triggers the outsourcing equilibrium when local country income is su¢ ciently high. It is possible that out ...
Democracy, Economic Freedom and Growth in Transition Economies
... predictions based on the communist legacy in these countries. Elections are typically held in FSU countries, but the results are foregone conclusions long before votes are counted, and presidents routinely are reelected with 80 percent or more of the votes cast. The atrophying of democracy in Russia ...
... predictions based on the communist legacy in these countries. Elections are typically held in FSU countries, but the results are foregone conclusions long before votes are counted, and presidents routinely are reelected with 80 percent or more of the votes cast. The atrophying of democracy in Russia ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INTERNATIONAL BORROWING TO FINANCE INVESTMENT Working Paper No. 1865
... pay back each period (_-r). Without such a constraint, with the infinite horizon planning problem an arbitrarily high level of utility could be achieved by borrowing an arbitrary amount each period and meeting interest ...
... pay back each period (_-r). Without such a constraint, with the infinite horizon planning problem an arbitrarily high level of utility could be achieved by borrowing an arbitrary amount each period and meeting interest ...
1. Global Depth and the Big Shift
... a slower narrowing of the gap between rich and poor countries is more likely than a quick convergence. Emerging economies, for the purposes of the analysis presented above and throughout the rest of this report refer to those countries designated by the IMF as emerging or developing in 2013. The IMF ...
... a slower narrowing of the gap between rich and poor countries is more likely than a quick convergence. Emerging economies, for the purposes of the analysis presented above and throughout the rest of this report refer to those countries designated by the IMF as emerging or developing in 2013. The IMF ...
Chapter 1
... Provide goods and services but Do not have the fundamental purpose of earning profits ...
... Provide goods and services but Do not have the fundamental purpose of earning profits ...
Natural Resources and Economic Growth
... Natural resources are a fixed factor of production and hence, almost by definition, impose a restriction on economic growth potential. This restriction may – depending on the nature of the production technology – cause a growing labor force and a growing stock of capital to run into diminishing retu ...
... Natural resources are a fixed factor of production and hence, almost by definition, impose a restriction on economic growth potential. This restriction may – depending on the nature of the production technology – cause a growing labor force and a growing stock of capital to run into diminishing retu ...
Uneven and combined development
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Puerto_del_Huasco.jpg?width=300)
Uneven and combined development (or unequal and combined development) is a Marxist concept to describe the overall dynamics of human history. It was originally used by the Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky around the turn of the 20th century, when he was analyzing the developmental possibilities that existed for the economy and civilization in the Russian empire, and the likely future of the Tsarist regime in Russia. It was the basis of his political strategy of permanent revolution, which implied a rejection of the idea that a human society inevitably developed through a uni-linear sequence of necessary ""stages"". Trotsky's ideas matured under the influence of Georg Vollmar's study of a possibility of socialism in one country, as well as John Hobson, Rudolf Hilferding and Vladimir Lenin's studies of imperialism. Also before Trotsky, Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Vasily Vorontsov proposed a similar idea. The concept is still used today by Trotskyists and other Marxists concerned with world politics.