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Tissues of human body
Tissues of human body

... - Lines cardiovascular channels by endothelium. - Lines all derivatives of surface epithelium such as glands.  All the body surfaces are active i.e. there is continuos flow of materials either in unidirectional or bi-directional across the epithelial lining.  Glands of the body exocrine gland reta ...
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... regulating which genes are transcribed into mRNA ◦ Transcription factors bind to DNA near the promotor regions, where gene transcription begins ◦ Different transcription factors bind to different genes and turn their transcription on or off ◦ Which genes are transcribed determines the structure and ...
Grade 9 Biology-Term-2
Grade 9 Biology-Term-2

... Did you know? Damaged human organs cannot regrow … apart from the liver. Liver transplants are oen done using part of a liver because the transplanted piece of liver grows by mitosis to form a full-sized liver. The liver pieces for transplants can be taken from living donors because ...
Animal Cell Structure
Animal Cell Structure

... The pores are fully permeable to small molecules up to the size of the smallest proteins, but form a barrier keeping most large molecules out of the nucleus. Some larger proteins, such as histones, are given admittance into the nucleus. Each pore is surrounded by an elaborate protein structure calle ...
Animal Cells & Tissues - Cal State LA
Animal Cells & Tissues - Cal State LA

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Biology - H Hungary is already a member of EU system so you can
Biology - H Hungary is already a member of EU system so you can

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... Higher plants and animals require more complex structures in order to maintain their bodily processes. Some structures found in plants are organs but these are difficult to compare with those of an animal. Such things as limbs on a tree and plant stems are organs but in the classical sense we only c ...
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Science FCAT Review 2010 - Mr. Martin's 8th Grade Science
Science FCAT Review 2010 - Mr. Martin's 8th Grade Science

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Slide 1
Slide 1

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Neuronal lineage marker



A Neuronal lineage marker is an endogenous tag that is expressed in different cells along neurogenesis and differentiated cells as neurons. It allows detection and identification of cells by using different techniques. A neuronal lineage marker can be either DNA, mRNA or RNA expressed in a cell of interest. It can also be a protein tag, as a partial protein, a protein or a epitope that discriminates between different cell types or different states of a common cell. An ideal marker is specific to a given cell type in normal conditions and/or during injury. Cell markers are very valuable tools for examining the function of cells in normal conditions as well as during disease. The discovery of various proteins specific to certain cells led to the production of cell-type-specific antibodies that have been used to identify cells.The techniques used for its detection can be immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, methods that utilize transcriptional modulators and site-specific recombinases to label specific neuronal population, in situ hybridization or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). A neuronal lineage marker can be a neuronal antigen that is recognized by an autoantibody for example Hu, which is highly restricted to neuronal nuclei. By immunohistochemistry, anti-Hu stains the nuclei of neurons. To localize mRNA in brain tissue, one can use a fragment of DNA or RNA as a neuronal lineage marker, a hybridization probe that detects the presence of nucleotide sequences that are complementary to the sequence in the probe. This technique is known as in situ hybridization. Its application have been carried out in all different tissues, but particularly useful in neuroscience. Using this technique, it is possible to locate gene expression to specific cell types in specific regions and observe how changes in this distribution occur throughout the development and correlate with the behavioral manipulations.Although immunohistochemistry is the staple methodology for identifying neuronal cell types, since it is relatively low in cost and a wide range of immunohistochemical markers are available to help distinguish the phenotype of cells in the brain, sometimes it is time-consuming to produce a good antibody. Therefore, one of the most convenient methods for the rapid assessment of the expression of a cloned ion channel could be in situ hybridization histochemistry.After cells are isolated from tissue or differentiated from pluripotent precursors, the resulting population needs to be characterized to confirm whether the target population has been obtained. Depending on the goal of a particular study, one can use neural stem cells markers, neural progenitor cell markers, neuron markers or PNS neuronal markers.
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