CLASSICAL FIELDS - Instituto de Física Teórica
... of that observer. There is, however, a preferred class of frames, in which all measurements give the same results, the so-called inertial frames. Such frames are characterized by the following property: a particle not subject to any force moves with constant velocity. This is not true if the particl ...
... of that observer. There is, however, a preferred class of frames, in which all measurements give the same results, the so-called inertial frames. Such frames are characterized by the following property: a particle not subject to any force moves with constant velocity. This is not true if the particl ...
JHA i (1970), 56-78 THE MICHELSON-MORLEY
... Michelson. Thus, only after the celebrated experiment had come to serve as the chief pedagogical justification for relativity theory was it revived, refined and redressed by Miller and Michelson. The Michelson/Miller experiments of the twenties were a reluctant competitive effort to resuscitate the ...
... Michelson. Thus, only after the celebrated experiment had come to serve as the chief pedagogical justification for relativity theory was it revived, refined and redressed by Miller and Michelson. The Michelson/Miller experiments of the twenties were a reluctant competitive effort to resuscitate the ...
Momentum - Sackville School
... Mass is measured in kilograms (kg). Velocity is measured in metres per second (m/s). Momentum is measured in kilogram metres per second (kg m/s). ...
... Mass is measured in kilograms (kg). Velocity is measured in metres per second (m/s). Momentum is measured in kilogram metres per second (kg m/s). ...
Vol 29, No 1, Mar 2015 - University of Canberra
... how colors of thin films depended on a film’s thickness, suggesting a standing wave condition. Christaan Huygens argued that the tremendous speed of light would be feasible only if light was a disturbance through a medium, not the bulk motion of a medium. He gave the wave hypothesis predictive power ...
... how colors of thin films depended on a film’s thickness, suggesting a standing wave condition. Christaan Huygens argued that the tremendous speed of light would be feasible only if light was a disturbance through a medium, not the bulk motion of a medium. He gave the wave hypothesis predictive power ...
Momentum, Impulse and Recoil
... • The momentum, mv, is the amount gained before the cord begins to stretch. Ft is the impulse the cord supplies to reduce the momentum to zero. • Because the rubber cord stretches for a long time, a large time interval t ensures that a small average force F acts on the jumper. • The cord typically s ...
... • The momentum, mv, is the amount gained before the cord begins to stretch. Ft is the impulse the cord supplies to reduce the momentum to zero. • Because the rubber cord stretches for a long time, a large time interval t ensures that a small average force F acts on the jumper. • The cord typically s ...
(DOC, Unknown)
... observer with respect to the absolute reference frame of ether at rest. Having reintroduced the ether on the basis of equation (43) & (44) it is proposed that ether consists of electric dipoles of equal and opposite charge on either sides of the substance which is named as ‘energy’. Under the propo ...
... observer with respect to the absolute reference frame of ether at rest. Having reintroduced the ether on the basis of equation (43) & (44) it is proposed that ether consists of electric dipoles of equal and opposite charge on either sides of the substance which is named as ‘energy’. Under the propo ...
I = m • Δ v - CUSDPhysics
... So, objects in motion are said to have momentum. This momentum is a vector. It has a size and a direction. The size of the momentum is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the size of the object's velocity. The direction of the momentum is the same as the direction of the object's velocity. ...
... So, objects in motion are said to have momentum. This momentum is a vector. It has a size and a direction. The size of the momentum is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the size of the object's velocity. The direction of the momentum is the same as the direction of the object's velocity. ...
the full course notes are available here in book form for downloading
... This course develops the theory of planetary and satellite motion. It discusses the work of Kepler and Newton that described the elliptic orbits of planets around the earth and which can be applied to the elliptic motion of satellites around the earth. We examine the dynamics of spacecraft. Einstein ...
... This course develops the theory of planetary and satellite motion. It discusses the work of Kepler and Newton that described the elliptic orbits of planets around the earth and which can be applied to the elliptic motion of satellites around the earth. We examine the dynamics of spacecraft. Einstein ...
Weak-Field General Relativity Compared with
... Allowing the potentials to vary with time yet still satisfying the Einstein equation, we arrive at the restriction that the zero component of the field f must be constant for all space and time. We use linearized versions of the equations for the Christoffel symbols, Riemann tensor, Ricci tensor and ...
... Allowing the potentials to vary with time yet still satisfying the Einstein equation, we arrive at the restriction that the zero component of the field f must be constant for all space and time. We use linearized versions of the equations for the Christoffel symbols, Riemann tensor, Ricci tensor and ...
The fields of a current wire
... Now let us find what are the charge densities for both species in S ′ , considering relativistic kinematics only. On a wire segment of length ∆L there is an ion charge ∆Q = λi ∆L. In S ′ , the same segment has the same charge (since it is a Lorentz invariant) but the length undergoes relativistic co ...
... Now let us find what are the charge densities for both species in S ′ , considering relativistic kinematics only. On a wire segment of length ∆L there is an ion charge ∆Q = λi ∆L. In S ′ , the same segment has the same charge (since it is a Lorentz invariant) but the length undergoes relativistic co ...
Lecture 22 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
... mass energy, p ∼ mc particles enter regime where relativity intrudes on quantum mechanics. At these energy scales qualitatively new phenomena emerge: e.g. particle production, existence of antiparticles, etc. By applying canonical quantization procedure to energy-momentum invariant, we are led to th ...
... mass energy, p ∼ mc particles enter regime where relativity intrudes on quantum mechanics. At these energy scales qualitatively new phenomena emerge: e.g. particle production, existence of antiparticles, etc. By applying canonical quantization procedure to energy-momentum invariant, we are led to th ...
LAGRANGIAN FORMULATION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
... classes. However, with the calculus of variations, one can derive all of these equations neatly with a few physical assumptions and a single variational principle: the principle of stationary action. With regard to modeling physical phenomena, the functionals used to describe systems in nature usual ...
... classes. However, with the calculus of variations, one can derive all of these equations neatly with a few physical assumptions and a single variational principle: the principle of stationary action. With regard to modeling physical phenomena, the functionals used to describe systems in nature usual ...
General relativity in a (2+1)-dimensional space
... This becomes especially important in the absence of mass, where Tmn = O. From Einstein's equation Rmn = 0 also, and therefore R~bcd= 0 as well. This precludes any curvature at all in the vacuum, whether in the form of gravitational waves or attraction at a distance. (This is obviously different from ...
... This becomes especially important in the absence of mass, where Tmn = O. From Einstein's equation Rmn = 0 also, and therefore R~bcd= 0 as well. This precludes any curvature at all in the vacuum, whether in the form of gravitational waves or attraction at a distance. (This is obviously different from ...
Wormholes and nontrivial topology.
... • There are related but distinct results for Euclidean wormholes. Try to avoid confusing the two. • The null and dominant energy conditions (NEC and DEC) make no sense in Euclidean signature. • You can define Euclidean versions of the weak and strong energy conditions (WEC and SEC), but they are now ...
... • There are related but distinct results for Euclidean wormholes. Try to avoid confusing the two. • The null and dominant energy conditions (NEC and DEC) make no sense in Euclidean signature. • You can define Euclidean versions of the weak and strong energy conditions (WEC and SEC), but they are now ...
The Lorentz transformation
... are chosen appropriately. For example, one could work with seconds for time, and light-seconds for distance. (One light-second is equal to 299792458 metres). The only problem with this approach is that you must apply it consistently throughout. To identify the positions where c or a power of c appea ...
... are chosen appropriately. For example, one could work with seconds for time, and light-seconds for distance. (One light-second is equal to 299792458 metres). The only problem with this approach is that you must apply it consistently throughout. To identify the positions where c or a power of c appea ...
The Calculus Reveals Special Properties of Light
... wavelength. The line integral of the sine function computes the actual distance through space traveled by the field edge where for a full wavelength of lateral travel is: arc length = ∫(1 + cos 2(x))1/2dx from 0 to 2 = 7.64… , the actual distance spanned during the time for a wave of length 2 to p ...
... wavelength. The line integral of the sine function computes the actual distance through space traveled by the field edge where for a full wavelength of lateral travel is: arc length = ∫(1 + cos 2(x))1/2dx from 0 to 2 = 7.64… , the actual distance spanned during the time for a wave of length 2 to p ...
Impulse and Momentum
... Impulse and Momentum • Objectives – Compare the system before and after an event in momentum problems – Define the momentum of an object – Determine the impulse given to an object – Recognize that impulse equals the change in momentum of an object ...
... Impulse and Momentum • Objectives – Compare the system before and after an event in momentum problems – Define the momentum of an object – Determine the impulse given to an object – Recognize that impulse equals the change in momentum of an object ...
Momentum - Red Hook Central Schools
... wall with a velocity of 15 m/s. If it rebounds with a velocity of 12 m/s: a) what was its Dv? b) What was its Dp? ...
... wall with a velocity of 15 m/s. If it rebounds with a velocity of 12 m/s: a) what was its Dv? b) What was its Dp? ...
Special relativity
In physics, special relativity (SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the generally accepted physical theory regarding the relationship between space and time. It is based on two postulates: (1) that the laws of physics are invariant (i.e. identical) in all inertial systems (non-accelerating frames of reference); and (2) that the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source. It was originally proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper ""On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"". The inconsistency of Newtonian mechanics with Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism and the inability to discover Earth's motion through a luminiferous aether led to the development of special relativity, which corrects mechanics to handle situations involving motions nearing the speed of light. As of today, special relativity is the most accurate model of motion at any speed. Even so, Newtonian mechanics is still useful (due to its simplicity and high accuracy) as an approximation at small velocities relative to the speed of light.Special relativity implies a wide range of consequences, which have been experimentally verified, including length contraction, time dilation, relativistic mass, mass–energy equivalence, a universal speed limit, and relativity of simultaneity. It has replaced the conventional notion of an absolute universal time with the notion of a time that is dependent on reference frame and spatial position. Rather than an invariant time interval between two events, there is an invariant spacetime interval. Combined with other laws of physics, the two postulates of special relativity predict the equivalence of mass and energy, as expressed in the mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, where c is the speed of light in vacuum.A defining feature of special relativity is the replacement of the Galilean transformations of Newtonian mechanics with the Lorentz transformations. Time and space cannot be defined separately from each other. Rather space and time are interwoven into a single continuum known as spacetime. Events that occur at the same time for one observer could occur at different times for another.The theory is ""special"" in that it only applies in the special case where the curvature of spacetime due to gravity is negligible. In order to include gravity, Einstein formulated general relativity in 1915. (Special relativity, contrary to some outdated descriptions, is capable of handling accelerated frames of reference.)As Galilean relativity is now considered an approximation of special relativity that is valid for low speeds, special relativity is considered an approximation of general relativity that is valid for weak gravitational fields, i.e. at a sufficiently small scale and in conditions of free fall. Whereas general relativity incorporates noneuclidean geometry in order to represent gravitational effects as the geometric curvature of spacetime, special relativity is restricted to the flat spacetime known as Minkowski space. A locally Lorentz-invariant frame that abides by special relativity can be defined at sufficiently small scales, even in curved spacetime.Galileo Galilei had already postulated that there is no absolute and well-defined state of rest (no privileged reference frames), a principle now called Galileo's principle of relativity. Einstein extended this principle so that it accounted for the constant speed of light, a phenomenon that had been recently observed in the Michelson–Morley experiment. He also postulated that it holds for all the laws of physics, including both the laws of mechanics and of electrodynamics.