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in thousands - College of Business Administration @ Kuwait University
in thousands - College of Business Administration @ Kuwait University

... Using resources to produce consumer goods and services represents a choice for present over future consumption. Using resources to invest in technological advances, education, and capital goods represents a choice for future over present goods. The decision as to how to allocate resources in the pre ...
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... approach to growth. Within this model, money is not neutral since monetary arrangements determine the framework within which real forces operate. It also gives primacy to income over substitution effects. Finally the model assumes away the existence of an ergodic environment where by definition ense ...
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... noted, services offshoring is different from offshoring in manufacturing because it includes many higher-skill jobs, including accountants, programmers, designers, architects, medical diagnosticians, and financial and statistical analysts. With continual improvement in information and communications ...
國 立 高 雄 第 一 科 技 大 學 管 理 學 院 暨 財 金 學 院 1 0 4 學 年 度
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The Death of Fiscal Policy

... Many scholars (i.e. A. Truger, 2015) suggest instead a so‐called Golden Budget Rule,  where public real investments are considered as expenditures with a long term pay  off period and therefore could preferably be debt financed (but also made  dependent of the size of the current unemployment). Wher ...
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Transformation in economics



Transformation in economics refers to a long-term change in dominant economic activity in terms of prevailing relative engagement or employment of able individuals.Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the ""normal"" state, trend or development. Among them are Disturbance (short-term disruption, temporary disorder), Perturbation (persistent or repeated divergence, predicament, decline or crisis), Deformation (damage, regime change, loss of self-sustainability, distortion), Transformation (long-term change, restructuring, conversion, new “normal”) and Renewal (rebirth, transmutation, corso-ricorso, renaissance, new beginning).Transformation is a unidirectional and irreversible change in dominant human economic activity (economic sector). Such change is driven by slower or faster continuous improvement in sector productivity growth rate. Productivity growth itself is fueled by advances in technology, inflow of useful innovations, accumulated practical knowledge and experience, levels of education, viability of institutions, quality of decision making and organized human effort. Individual sector transformations are the outcomes of human socio-economic evolution.Human economic activity has so far undergone at least four fundamental transformations:From nomadic hunting and gathering (H/G) to localized agricultureFrom localized agriculture (A) to internationalized industryFrom international industry (I) to global servicesFrom global services (S) to public sector (including government, welfare and unemployment, GWU)This evolution naturally proceeds from securing necessary food, through producing useful things, to providing helpful services, both private and public (See H/G→A→I→S→GWU sequence in Fig. 1). Accelerating productivity growth rates speed up the transformations, from millennia, through centuries, to decades of the recent era. It is this acceleration which makes transformation relevant economic category of today, more fundamental in its impact than any recession, crisis or depression. The evolution of four forms of capital (Indicated in Fig. 1) accompanies all economic transformations.Transformation is quite different from accompanying cyclical recessions and crises, despite the similarity of manifested phenomena (unemployment, technology shifts, socio-political discontent, bankruptcies, etc.). However, the tools and interventions used to combat crisis are clearly ineffective for coping with non-cyclical transformations. The problem is whether we face a mere crisis or a fundamental transformation (globalization→relocalization).
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