PDF
... the mid-1990s with the top 10 per cent of firms accounting for 61 per cent of sales in 1998-99 compared with 45 per cent in 1995-96. Over the same period, sales concentration in the milk and cream sector actually fell, with the top 10 per cent of firms accounting for 37 per cent of sales in 1998-99 ...
... the mid-1990s with the top 10 per cent of firms accounting for 61 per cent of sales in 1998-99 compared with 45 per cent in 1995-96. Over the same period, sales concentration in the milk and cream sector actually fell, with the top 10 per cent of firms accounting for 37 per cent of sales in 1998-99 ...
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... Maastricht Treaty (1992), which required political authorities to adopt stringent performance targets on inflation, interest rates and fiscal deficits. Sofía Pérez, for example, has argued that attempts in both Spain and Italy to adjust to developments in the wider European economy, especially the n ...
... Maastricht Treaty (1992), which required political authorities to adopt stringent performance targets on inflation, interest rates and fiscal deficits. Sofía Pérez, for example, has argued that attempts in both Spain and Italy to adjust to developments in the wider European economy, especially the n ...
A race without a finish
... emphasized. A drastic change is needed in order to cope with the fragmentation and the sometimes low R&D intensity in the ERA. The paper concludes with a presentation of a recent meta-analysis which demonstrates the importance of public expenditures for education and research, based on a comparative ...
... emphasized. A drastic change is needed in order to cope with the fragmentation and the sometimes low R&D intensity in the ERA. The paper concludes with a presentation of a recent meta-analysis which demonstrates the importance of public expenditures for education and research, based on a comparative ...
A CAUSALITY BETWEEN CAPITAL FLIGHT AND ECONOMIC
... If the absolute value of calculated statistics is higher than the absolute value of critical values, we cannot reject the hypothesis which shows that series is stationary. However, if this value is lower than critical value, time series is not stationary (Gujarati, 2004). ...
... If the absolute value of calculated statistics is higher than the absolute value of critical values, we cannot reject the hypothesis which shows that series is stationary. However, if this value is lower than critical value, time series is not stationary (Gujarati, 2004). ...
Chapter V: Growth and Employment
... All of the 16 countries where incomes fell have suffered one or more severe adverse shocks, including civil war, political instability, financial crisis, droughts, terms of trade deterioration, or governance issues The “political environment” in these countries is typically hostile to market forces, ...
... All of the 16 countries where incomes fell have suffered one or more severe adverse shocks, including civil war, political instability, financial crisis, droughts, terms of trade deterioration, or governance issues The “political environment” in these countries is typically hostile to market forces, ...
Selection of Production Mode and Employment Solution for Regional Development
... Labor-intensive production mode can be further divided into two forms: simple labor-intensive and complex labor-intensive. Labor-intensive production refers to a kind of labor way that a normal labor can be competent adopt without special training [1]. With the influence of financial crisis and adju ...
... Labor-intensive production mode can be further divided into two forms: simple labor-intensive and complex labor-intensive. Labor-intensive production refers to a kind of labor way that a normal labor can be competent adopt without special training [1]. With the influence of financial crisis and adju ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research
... of NICs ex post is one of the central problems of the field of economic development. Rostow’s analysis of takeoffs is an attempt at such a theory whose success is not universally acknowledged. While development theorists struggle with the problem, a more systematic empirical approach to the identifi ...
... of NICs ex post is one of the central problems of the field of economic development. Rostow’s analysis of takeoffs is an attempt at such a theory whose success is not universally acknowledged. While development theorists struggle with the problem, a more systematic empirical approach to the identifi ...
Bhumika Muchhala, Intervention March 10 Roundtable 2
... commodity markets. The trigger for these flows is found in the continued monetary policy expansion in the US and other advanced economies, which involves injecting considerable sums of liquidity into the economy (e.g. quantitative easing) and close-to-zero interest rates. The Federal Reserve’s creat ...
... commodity markets. The trigger for these flows is found in the continued monetary policy expansion in the US and other advanced economies, which involves injecting considerable sums of liquidity into the economy (e.g. quantitative easing) and close-to-zero interest rates. The Federal Reserve’s creat ...
Measures of Economic Performance
... the UK during one year – Primary (agriculture), secondary (manufacturing) and tertiary sectors (services) – Real versus nominal output – Can be viewed as being national income, national output or aggregate demand (AD) These should all be the same as people spend what they earn and are paid for provi ...
... the UK during one year – Primary (agriculture), secondary (manufacturing) and tertiary sectors (services) – Real versus nominal output – Can be viewed as being national income, national output or aggregate demand (AD) These should all be the same as people spend what they earn and are paid for provi ...
Slide 1
... 3.4 High-growth firms and job creation • High-growth enterprises play a disproportionate role in job creation • The 10% most rapidly growing enterprises created 5060% of gross employment gains over a 5-10 year period in France, Italy, Netherlands and Greece • Nearly 50% started as SMEs • Although t ...
... 3.4 High-growth firms and job creation • High-growth enterprises play a disproportionate role in job creation • The 10% most rapidly growing enterprises created 5060% of gross employment gains over a 5-10 year period in France, Italy, Netherlands and Greece • Nearly 50% started as SMEs • Although t ...
OECD Territorial Reviews: Northern Sparsely Populated Areas
... Assessment and recommendations (continued) 2. Lift workforce participation and improve service delivery outcomes in rural areas. Industrial restructuring and an ageing population are affecting rural communities throughout the region. The region will need to make the most of its potential workforce t ...
... Assessment and recommendations (continued) 2. Lift workforce participation and improve service delivery outcomes in rural areas. Industrial restructuring and an ageing population are affecting rural communities throughout the region. The region will need to make the most of its potential workforce t ...
Why the West Became Rich before China and Why China Has Been
... New data that have appeared in recent years, especially indices of the quality of institutions, have triggered new debate not only among economic historians but also among general macro and growth economists. In an important paper (Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, 2001) entitled “Colonial Origins of ...
... New data that have appeared in recent years, especially indices of the quality of institutions, have triggered new debate not only among economic historians but also among general macro and growth economists. In an important paper (Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, 2001) entitled “Colonial Origins of ...
The Corporatist Political Economies
... incorporates the former: In corporatist political economies, peak associations of capital and labor meet with the state to strike bargains over broad social and economic policy, including state expenditure, taxation, wage policy, and so on. In practice, only highly centralized interest groups can en ...
... incorporates the former: In corporatist political economies, peak associations of capital and labor meet with the state to strike bargains over broad social and economic policy, including state expenditure, taxation, wage policy, and so on. In practice, only highly centralized interest groups can en ...
Manufacturing drives German growth to near
... The Purchasing Managers’ Index® (PMI®) survey methodology has developed an outstanding reputation for providing the most up-to-date possible indication of what is really happening in the private sector economy by tracking variables such as sales, employment, inventories and prices. The indices are w ...
... The Purchasing Managers’ Index® (PMI®) survey methodology has developed an outstanding reputation for providing the most up-to-date possible indication of what is really happening in the private sector economy by tracking variables such as sales, employment, inventories and prices. The indices are w ...
Ireland’s Medium-Term Growth Prospects: a Phoenix Rising? Nicholas Crafts
... relative position of leading European countries at the end of the Golden Age in the 1970s when their productivity growth slowed down by around 2.5 percentage points per year.3 In each case there were big declines in TFP growth as scope for catch-up was reduced but even so TFP growth continued albeit ...
... relative position of leading European countries at the end of the Golden Age in the 1970s when their productivity growth slowed down by around 2.5 percentage points per year.3 In each case there were big declines in TFP growth as scope for catch-up was reduced but even so TFP growth continued albeit ...
Why the West Became Rich before China and Why China Has
... were less affected by colonialism and managed to retain traditional institutions by the end of the twentieth century found themselves in a better starting position for modern economic growth. The slow-going technical progress finally allowed them to find another exit from the Malthusian trap—increas ...
... were less affected by colonialism and managed to retain traditional institutions by the end of the twentieth century found themselves in a better starting position for modern economic growth. The slow-going technical progress finally allowed them to find another exit from the Malthusian trap—increas ...
teacherpress.ocps.net
... Four events that will shift demand (determinants): (Fads, population, change of income levels across society, price of other goods) Four events that will shift supply (determinants): (New technology, weather, price of inputs, and ...
... Four events that will shift demand (determinants): (Fads, population, change of income levels across society, price of other goods) Four events that will shift supply (determinants): (New technology, weather, price of inputs, and ...
Transformation in economics
Transformation in economics refers to a long-term change in dominant economic activity in terms of prevailing relative engagement or employment of able individuals.Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the ""normal"" state, trend or development. Among them are Disturbance (short-term disruption, temporary disorder), Perturbation (persistent or repeated divergence, predicament, decline or crisis), Deformation (damage, regime change, loss of self-sustainability, distortion), Transformation (long-term change, restructuring, conversion, new “normal”) and Renewal (rebirth, transmutation, corso-ricorso, renaissance, new beginning).Transformation is a unidirectional and irreversible change in dominant human economic activity (economic sector). Such change is driven by slower or faster continuous improvement in sector productivity growth rate. Productivity growth itself is fueled by advances in technology, inflow of useful innovations, accumulated practical knowledge and experience, levels of education, viability of institutions, quality of decision making and organized human effort. Individual sector transformations are the outcomes of human socio-economic evolution.Human economic activity has so far undergone at least four fundamental transformations:From nomadic hunting and gathering (H/G) to localized agricultureFrom localized agriculture (A) to internationalized industryFrom international industry (I) to global servicesFrom global services (S) to public sector (including government, welfare and unemployment, GWU)This evolution naturally proceeds from securing necessary food, through producing useful things, to providing helpful services, both private and public (See H/G→A→I→S→GWU sequence in Fig. 1). Accelerating productivity growth rates speed up the transformations, from millennia, through centuries, to decades of the recent era. It is this acceleration which makes transformation relevant economic category of today, more fundamental in its impact than any recession, crisis or depression. The evolution of four forms of capital (Indicated in Fig. 1) accompanies all economic transformations.Transformation is quite different from accompanying cyclical recessions and crises, despite the similarity of manifested phenomena (unemployment, technology shifts, socio-political discontent, bankruptcies, etc.). However, the tools and interventions used to combat crisis are clearly ineffective for coping with non-cyclical transformations. The problem is whether we face a mere crisis or a fundamental transformation (globalization→relocalization).