chapt14_HumanBiology14e_lecture
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Children's intellectual ability is associated with structural network integrity
... segregated subregions linked by axonal white matter tracts (Sporns et al., 2005). A robust finding from the network perspective is that the human brain is organized in a highly efficient way for integrated information transfer, in so called small-world topology (for a review, see Bullmore and Sporns, ...
... segregated subregions linked by axonal white matter tracts (Sporns et al., 2005). A robust finding from the network perspective is that the human brain is organized in a highly efficient way for integrated information transfer, in so called small-world topology (for a review, see Bullmore and Sporns, ...
Organization of the Nervous System
... The cell body contains the nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles typical of ...
... The cell body contains the nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles typical of ...
Evolution and intelligence: beyond the argument
... probably contain over a hundred billion neurons with thousands of connections each, it suggests that the wiring instructions that could possibly be specified genetically are probably insufficient by many orders of magnitude to wire brains, connection by connection. And of course, the extent of under ...
... probably contain over a hundred billion neurons with thousands of connections each, it suggests that the wiring instructions that could possibly be specified genetically are probably insufficient by many orders of magnitude to wire brains, connection by connection. And of course, the extent of under ...
GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
... semester's group succeeded in building an amplifier that captures brainwaves. If they were in fact successful we will try to improve upon their design and digitize the output for use by the digital group, who will then interface the amplifier to a computer and control a RC car. If they were not succ ...
... semester's group succeeded in building an amplifier that captures brainwaves. If they were in fact successful we will try to improve upon their design and digitize the output for use by the digital group, who will then interface the amplifier to a computer and control a RC car. If they were not succ ...
NEURO PresentationWORKING students B
... Medullary Reticular Nuclei • Transmit inhibitory signals to the antigravity muscles through the medullary reticulospinal tract. • These nuclei receive collateral input from the corticospinal tract, rubrospinal tract, and other motor ...
... Medullary Reticular Nuclei • Transmit inhibitory signals to the antigravity muscles through the medullary reticulospinal tract. • These nuclei receive collateral input from the corticospinal tract, rubrospinal tract, and other motor ...
Nerves and Special Senses
... • There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for a total of 31 pairs • Spinal nerves are formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord • Spinal nerves are named for the region from ...
... • There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for a total of 31 pairs • Spinal nerves are formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord • Spinal nerves are named for the region from ...
Reflex action and Reflex arc
... Reflex actions save us from danger when there is a painful or dangerous stimulus. Reflex actions are fast, immediate, automatic and involuntary responses of the body. Reflexes occur without our thinking. Brain is not involved in the execution of several reflexes. What is Reflex arc? What are the com ...
... Reflex actions save us from danger when there is a painful or dangerous stimulus. Reflex actions are fast, immediate, automatic and involuntary responses of the body. Reflexes occur without our thinking. Brain is not involved in the execution of several reflexes. What is Reflex arc? What are the com ...
Evidence for a modulatory effect of sulbutiamine on
... through kainate receptors [4,8,10,12]. On the contrary, chronic blockade of dopaminergic transmission by antipsychotic drugs does not change the density of cortical kainate binding sites, even though the expression of their mRNA is ...
... through kainate receptors [4,8,10,12]. On the contrary, chronic blockade of dopaminergic transmission by antipsychotic drugs does not change the density of cortical kainate binding sites, even though the expression of their mRNA is ...
Circuits in Psychopharmacology
... that project to prefrontal cortex or receive projections from prefrontal cortex. Thus, three standard planes for visualizing the brain are shown in Figure 7-4: the horizontal plane, the coronal plane and the sagittal plane. It may be useful to refer back to this picture when studying images througho ...
... that project to prefrontal cortex or receive projections from prefrontal cortex. Thus, three standard planes for visualizing the brain are shown in Figure 7-4: the horizontal plane, the coronal plane and the sagittal plane. It may be useful to refer back to this picture when studying images througho ...
Dispatch Vision: How to Train Visual Cortex to Predict Reward Time
... ‘cognitive’ brain function that is relayed from other, higher cortical areas, such as the prefrontal cortex, via top-down feedback connections? Alternatively, cue-reward intervals may be generated within V1 circuitry, so that their timing needs to be learned with the help of an external reinforcemen ...
... ‘cognitive’ brain function that is relayed from other, higher cortical areas, such as the prefrontal cortex, via top-down feedback connections? Alternatively, cue-reward intervals may be generated within V1 circuitry, so that their timing needs to be learned with the help of an external reinforcemen ...
Compared to other cortical areas, muscle contraction is most easily
... long-term effects are less pronounced than often assumed. Careful testing is required to discern long-term motor deficits and, although much emphasis has been placed on species differences, comparable deficits follow pyramidal-tract transections in macaque monkeys, marsupial phalangers, rats, and ha ...
... long-term effects are less pronounced than often assumed. Careful testing is required to discern long-term motor deficits and, although much emphasis has been placed on species differences, comparable deficits follow pyramidal-tract transections in macaque monkeys, marsupial phalangers, rats, and ha ...
Puzzling Symptoms: Eating Disorders and the Brain
... (ACC) and orbital frontal cortex (OFC); these areas seem to help people see what is important and rewarding, and then how to respond. The cognitive pathway is involved with deciding what to pay attention to, how to plan, what to avoid, and how to self-control. The parts of the brain in this circuit ...
... (ACC) and orbital frontal cortex (OFC); these areas seem to help people see what is important and rewarding, and then how to respond. The cognitive pathway is involved with deciding what to pay attention to, how to plan, what to avoid, and how to self-control. The parts of the brain in this circuit ...
Neuroanatomical correlates of intelligence
... The MRI signal reflects the cellular characteristics of the brain to some degree: For example, increased gray matter might indicate more or increased density of neurons or glial cells which could allow more efficient information processing. This may lead to improved cognitive function and account for ...
... The MRI signal reflects the cellular characteristics of the brain to some degree: For example, increased gray matter might indicate more or increased density of neurons or glial cells which could allow more efficient information processing. This may lead to improved cognitive function and account for ...
Thalamus 1
... Superiorly- transverse cerebral fissure, floor of 3rd ventricle Inferiorly- hypothalamic sulcus Posteriorly- overlaps midbrain ...
... Superiorly- transverse cerebral fissure, floor of 3rd ventricle Inferiorly- hypothalamic sulcus Posteriorly- overlaps midbrain ...
Mayberg HS, Lozano AM. (2009). Targeted electrode
... magnetoencephalography, and optical imaging) capable of quantifying a wide range of physiological parameters relevant to the study of major depression. In this brief overview, resting-state blood flow and glucose metabolism measures using PET are highlighted, as they make up the bulk of the publishe ...
... magnetoencephalography, and optical imaging) capable of quantifying a wide range of physiological parameters relevant to the study of major depression. In this brief overview, resting-state blood flow and glucose metabolism measures using PET are highlighted, as they make up the bulk of the publishe ...
Suggested Readings for Biopsychology Domain
... Description: The brain is made up of about 100 billion individual nerve cells, or neurons. A neuron has four main parts: • Dendrites—extensions of the neuron cell body that transmit information toward it. Dendrites usually are located near the cell body and may have many branches. • Cell body (soma) ...
... Description: The brain is made up of about 100 billion individual nerve cells, or neurons. A neuron has four main parts: • Dendrites—extensions of the neuron cell body that transmit information toward it. Dendrites usually are located near the cell body and may have many branches. • Cell body (soma) ...
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... comprising the brain and the spinal cord surrounded by the bony structures. Additional protection of the brain is ensured by the cerebral fluid, continuously secreted by the brain. Circulating within and around the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid has an auxiliary role in elimination of waste by the p ...
... comprising the brain and the spinal cord surrounded by the bony structures. Additional protection of the brain is ensured by the cerebral fluid, continuously secreted by the brain. Circulating within and around the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid has an auxiliary role in elimination of waste by the p ...
Motor Cortex
... gyrus would be in a forward direction to the precentral gyrus. But this is not the case. Rather, the bulk of the fibers from the post central gyrus head in a posterior direction. Why is this? ...
... gyrus would be in a forward direction to the precentral gyrus. But this is not the case. Rather, the bulk of the fibers from the post central gyrus head in a posterior direction. Why is this? ...
Cells in human postmortem brain tissue slices remain alive for
... active axonal and dendritic transport (9). Moreover, studies by other groups have shown that it is possible to culture dissociated neurons or minced brain slices from adult postmortem rats and humans (10 –15). These latter studies, however, did not include experimental manipulations. In the present ...
... active axonal and dendritic transport (9). Moreover, studies by other groups have shown that it is possible to culture dissociated neurons or minced brain slices from adult postmortem rats and humans (10 –15). These latter studies, however, did not include experimental manipulations. In the present ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.