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The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... Fig. 3. Cortical structure as the basis of laminar patterns of cortical connections and their relationship to two neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons in the cortex. The structural model for connections is depicted for the prefrontal cortex but applies to other cortical regions as well. (A–C ...
... Fig. 3. Cortical structure as the basis of laminar patterns of cortical connections and their relationship to two neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons in the cortex. The structural model for connections is depicted for the prefrontal cortex but applies to other cortical regions as well. (A–C ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... and in subsequent articles we will give an account of the forms of some of the postsynaptic elements as they have been derived from reconstructions based upon serial thin sections. ...
... and in subsequent articles we will give an account of the forms of some of the postsynaptic elements as they have been derived from reconstructions based upon serial thin sections. ...
judasMRT99
... eNOS immunocytochemistry) staining, these nitrinergic neurons are generally divided in type I and type II cells. Type I cells are usually large, intensely stained interneurons, scattered throughout all cortical layers; they frequently co-express GABA, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin, but rarely con ...
... eNOS immunocytochemistry) staining, these nitrinergic neurons are generally divided in type I and type II cells. Type I cells are usually large, intensely stained interneurons, scattered throughout all cortical layers; they frequently co-express GABA, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin, but rarely con ...
Self-referential forces are sufficient to explain different dendritic
... for each simulation in the Supplementary Materials). The main parameters of the algorithm describe the strength, spatial gradient, and extent of the local growth biases, and the branching and extension processes. A second subset of parameters describes the termination conditions for both growth of i ...
... for each simulation in the Supplementary Materials). The main parameters of the algorithm describe the strength, spatial gradient, and extent of the local growth biases, and the branching and extension processes. A second subset of parameters describes the termination conditions for both growth of i ...
Signal Propagation and Logic Gating in Networks of Integrate
... To identify a neuronal “switch,” we search for a regular pathway consisting of three excitatory layers, as described above. Additionally, we found an inhibitory cell population with three or more synapses per cell to the output layer of the excitatory pathway. Driving these inhibitory cells with a p ...
... To identify a neuronal “switch,” we search for a regular pathway consisting of three excitatory layers, as described above. Additionally, we found an inhibitory cell population with three or more synapses per cell to the output layer of the excitatory pathway. Driving these inhibitory cells with a p ...
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Is Involved in Rapid Nerve
... height and areal extent of whisker evoked activity in the somatosensory cortex (Prakash et al. 1996b). Our previous histological results suggested that NGF’s site of action is not directly on the neurons within the somatosensory cortex but rather on projections originating outside it. Given that BFC ...
... height and areal extent of whisker evoked activity in the somatosensory cortex (Prakash et al. 1996b). Our previous histological results suggested that NGF’s site of action is not directly on the neurons within the somatosensory cortex but rather on projections originating outside it. Given that BFC ...
Approximating Number of Hidden layer neurons in Multiple
... accuracy in determining target output can be increased. Basically when dealing with the number of neurons in the input layer, one has to analyze about the data which is trained. For example, while dealing with handwritten numeral recognition using neural network for pin code recognition [5], the box ...
... accuracy in determining target output can be increased. Basically when dealing with the number of neurons in the input layer, one has to analyze about the data which is trained. For example, while dealing with handwritten numeral recognition using neural network for pin code recognition [5], the box ...
What We Know and Do Not Know about the Functions of the
... the value of goods, so that decisions between dissimilar items, like apples and oranges, can be made efficiently. This role has been assigned to OFC (Montague and Berns, 2002); OFC neurons are activated by rewards and cues that predict rewards in a way that reflects their incentive value, typically ...
... the value of goods, so that decisions between dissimilar items, like apples and oranges, can be made efficiently. This role has been assigned to OFC (Montague and Berns, 2002); OFC neurons are activated by rewards and cues that predict rewards in a way that reflects their incentive value, typically ...
Axo-axonic synapses formed by somatostatin
... In cerebral cortex of rat and monkey, the neuropeptide somatostatin (SOM) marks a population of nonpyramidal cells (McDonald et al. [1982] J. Neurocytol. 11:809 – 824; Hendry et al. [1984] J. Neurosci. 4:2497:2517; Laemle and Feldman [1985] J. Comp. Neurol. 233:452– 462; Meineke and Peters [1986] J. ...
... In cerebral cortex of rat and monkey, the neuropeptide somatostatin (SOM) marks a population of nonpyramidal cells (McDonald et al. [1982] J. Neurocytol. 11:809 – 824; Hendry et al. [1984] J. Neurosci. 4:2497:2517; Laemle and Feldman [1985] J. Comp. Neurol. 233:452– 462; Meineke and Peters [1986] J. ...
Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana
... Deep pyramidal neurons were qualitatively described according to nomenclature found in previous neuromorphological research (e.g., Ngowyang 1932; Ferrer et al. 1986a, b). Descriptions for each neuron used qualitative criteria, such as cortical location, size, dendritic field patterns, presence of sp ...
... Deep pyramidal neurons were qualitatively described according to nomenclature found in previous neuromorphological research (e.g., Ngowyang 1932; Ferrer et al. 1986a, b). Descriptions for each neuron used qualitative criteria, such as cortical location, size, dendritic field patterns, presence of sp ...
Spinal cord and reflexes
... horns and posterior median sulcus Anterior white columns: lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure Anterior white commissure: area where axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other ...
... horns and posterior median sulcus Anterior white columns: lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure Anterior white commissure: area where axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other ...
Spinal cord and reflexes
... horns and posterior median sulcus Anterior white columns: lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure Anterior white commissure: area where axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other ...
... horns and posterior median sulcus Anterior white columns: lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure Anterior white commissure: area where axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other ...
Does the End Justify the Means?
... i.e., the hand of the model choosing, grasping, and moving the Lego block (the means); or (c) the final stage of the action performed by the experimenter, i.e., the hand of the model leaving the Lego block that has been placed in its end state (the goal). The second factor corresponded to the subjec ...
... i.e., the hand of the model choosing, grasping, and moving the Lego block (the means); or (c) the final stage of the action performed by the experimenter, i.e., the hand of the model leaving the Lego block that has been placed in its end state (the goal). The second factor corresponded to the subjec ...
Tasks for inhibitory interneurons in intact brain circuits
... 2. Inhibitory control in circuits Inhibitory interneurons can provide stability to the principal cell populations by at least two different ways: feedforward and feedback and inhibition (Fig. 1A, B). All known excitatory afferents to the various dendritic domains of the principal cells have their ‘o ...
... 2. Inhibitory control in circuits Inhibitory interneurons can provide stability to the principal cell populations by at least two different ways: feedforward and feedback and inhibition (Fig. 1A, B). All known excitatory afferents to the various dendritic domains of the principal cells have their ‘o ...
Central Topography of Cranial Motor Nuclei Controlled by
... Neuronal nuclei are prominent, evolutionarily conserved features of vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) organization [1]. Nuclei are clusters of soma of functionally related neurons and are located in highly stereotyped positions. Establishment of this CNS topography is critical to neural circui ...
... Neuronal nuclei are prominent, evolutionarily conserved features of vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) organization [1]. Nuclei are clusters of soma of functionally related neurons and are located in highly stereotyped positions. Establishment of this CNS topography is critical to neural circui ...
BMC Neuroscience Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas
... pass through. We addressed this question at the electron microscopic level by investigating if axons from prefrontal area 32 synapse in hypothalamic autonomic centers (Table 1, case AY). We focused on area 32 because we previously found that it is heavily and bidirectionally connected with the amygd ...
... pass through. We addressed this question at the electron microscopic level by investigating if axons from prefrontal area 32 synapse in hypothalamic autonomic centers (Table 1, case AY). We focused on area 32 because we previously found that it is heavily and bidirectionally connected with the amygd ...
lmmunocytochemical Localization of Protein Kinase C lsozymes in
... All PKC immunoreactivities were widely distributed throughout the various regionsof rat brain. In coronal sectionsthrough the level of rostra1hippocampus,staining with either MS-I, -11, or -111(Fig. 1, A, C, B, respectively, eachshowsa portion of the area) all indicated that immunoreactivities were ...
... All PKC immunoreactivities were widely distributed throughout the various regionsof rat brain. In coronal sectionsthrough the level of rostra1hippocampus,staining with either MS-I, -11, or -111(Fig. 1, A, C, B, respectively, eachshowsa portion of the area) all indicated that immunoreactivities were ...
universidade federal do rio grande do norte instituto do
... though a lot can be learned by these simple techniques, many rising questions could not be answered. By the end of the XIX century, a group of scientists came out with the idea to directly manipulate vertebrate embryos in order to understand the rules that govern normal development, introducing by t ...
... though a lot can be learned by these simple techniques, many rising questions could not be answered. By the end of the XIX century, a group of scientists came out with the idea to directly manipulate vertebrate embryos in order to understand the rules that govern normal development, introducing by t ...
α3β1 integrin modulates neuronal migration and placement during
... electroporated embryonic cortical cells with EGFP fused to the PH domain of Akt (PH-Akt-EGFP). This fusion protein is directed to the growth cones (Bondeva et al., 2002; Markus et al., 2002), which are analogous to the leading processes of the migrating neurons (Song and Poo, 2001). Visualization of ...
... electroporated embryonic cortical cells with EGFP fused to the PH domain of Akt (PH-Akt-EGFP). This fusion protein is directed to the growth cones (Bondeva et al., 2002; Markus et al., 2002), which are analogous to the leading processes of the migrating neurons (Song and Poo, 2001). Visualization of ...
INTRINSIC CONNECTIONS AND CYTOARCHITECTONIC DATA OF
... In the monkey it was shown that the prefrontal subregion localized dorsally on the lateral cortical surface (part of area 46 above the principal sulcus) was connected with other dorsal prefrontal areas situated anteriorly and caudally as well as with the premotor areas of the lateral and medial surf ...
... In the monkey it was shown that the prefrontal subregion localized dorsally on the lateral cortical surface (part of area 46 above the principal sulcus) was connected with other dorsal prefrontal areas situated anteriorly and caudally as well as with the premotor areas of the lateral and medial surf ...
General Cortical and Special Prefrontal Connections: Principles
... periphery. Connections fit these patterns for only a subset of linked pairs of cortices. Connections that involve more layers were called “lateral” (Felleman & Van Essen 1991). At the opposite end of the brain, the laminar distribution of connections of the prefrontal areas also varies, and the patte ...
... periphery. Connections fit these patterns for only a subset of linked pairs of cortices. Connections that involve more layers were called “lateral” (Felleman & Van Essen 1991). At the opposite end of the brain, the laminar distribution of connections of the prefrontal areas also varies, and the patte ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
... commences on embryonic day (E) 22. Progressively more superficial layers are generated over the following five weeks, with genesis of layers II/III not completed until postnatal day (P) 14; the exception to this is layer I, which is generated both early and late (not shown)163. A similar progression ...
... commences on embryonic day (E) 22. Progressively more superficial layers are generated over the following five weeks, with genesis of layers II/III not completed until postnatal day (P) 14; the exception to this is layer I, which is generated both early and late (not shown)163. A similar progression ...
Document
... the neurotrophins, are initiated through interactions with two categories of cell surface receptors, the p75 neurotrophin receptor and the tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) tyrosine kinase receptors (for a review see Schecterson and Bothwell, 2010). p75 was the first receptor to be discovered and was ...
... the neurotrophins, are initiated through interactions with two categories of cell surface receptors, the p75 neurotrophin receptor and the tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) tyrosine kinase receptors (for a review see Schecterson and Bothwell, 2010). p75 was the first receptor to be discovered and was ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
... commences on embryonic day (E) 22. Progressively more superficial layers are generated over the following five weeks, with genesis of layers II/III not completed until postnatal day (P) 14; the exception to this is layer I, which is generated both early and late (not shown)163. A similar progression ...
... commences on embryonic day (E) 22. Progressively more superficial layers are generated over the following five weeks, with genesis of layers II/III not completed until postnatal day (P) 14; the exception to this is layer I, which is generated both early and late (not shown)163. A similar progression ...
Efficient Recruitment of Layer 2/3 Interneurons by Layer 4 Input in
... about translaminar innervation of these interneurons by spiny neurons in the main cortical input layer 4 (L4). Here, we investigated (1) how efficiently L4 spiny neurons excite L2/3 interneurons via monosynaptic connections, (2) whether glutamate release from axon terminals of L4 spiny neurons depen ...
... about translaminar innervation of these interneurons by spiny neurons in the main cortical input layer 4 (L4). Here, we investigated (1) how efficiently L4 spiny neurons excite L2/3 interneurons via monosynaptic connections, (2) whether glutamate release from axon terminals of L4 spiny neurons depen ...
Anatomy of the cerebellum
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gray677.png?width=300)
The anatomy of the cerebellum can be viewed at three levels. At the level of large-scale anatomy, the cerebellum consists of a tightly folded and crumpled layer of cortex, with white matter underneath, several deep nuclei embedded in the white matter, and a fluid-filled ventricle in the middle. At the intermediate level, the cerebellum and its auxiliary structures can be decomposed into several hundred or thousand independently functioning modules or ""microzones"". At the microscopic level, each module consists of the same small set of neuronal elements, laid out with a highly stereotyped geometry.