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English - Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin
English - Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin

... rats, later active cells differ early from their quiet neighbors. Their findings push the understanding of memory formation a major step forward. If we move in an unknown environment, a neuronal map is created in our brain. Memory function is particularly well known in rats. Cells of the rat’s hippo ...
The Structure of the Nervous System
The Structure of the Nervous System

... The central nervous system (CNS) consistsof the parts of the nervous systemthat are encasedin bone: the brain and the spinal cord. The brain lies entirely within the skull. A sideview of the rat brain revealsthree parts that are common to all mammals:the cerebrum,the cerebellum,and the brain stem (F ...
Buzsaki and Draguhn (2004), Neuronal Oscillations in Cortical
Buzsaki and Draguhn (2004), Neuronal Oscillations in Cortical

... network is independent of the temporal fluctuation of sensory signals. The oscillationrelated fluctuation of the membrane potentials in the participating neurons continuously and predictably biases the open-time probability of a multitude of voltage-gated channels (9). This design is an energy-effic ...
to specify axonal trajectories and target specificity of Jessell, 2000; Shira-
to specify axonal trajectories and target specificity of Jessell, 2000; Shira-

... provide new insight into how these pathways may operate as “choice points” between incompatible behaviors. The pathway-specific projections of Lhx6expressing neurons in the MEApd show preferential activation by reproductive olfactory cues such as female urine. In contrast, these cells appear unrespo ...
excitatory neurotransmitter
excitatory neurotransmitter

... the synapse it is absorbed by NMDA receptor sites on the post-synaptic dendrites. Glutamate is excitatory, so it stimulates the neurons in a neural pathway to fire. This is very important in memory and learning. High levels of glutamate are found within the hippocampus in the brain. The hippocampus ...
Abstract Booklet
Abstract Booklet

... Motor adaptation is a motor system’s response to a change in the environment, such as a perturbation of the visual feedback about one’s movements. Many experimental studies have focused on the factors determining how fast subjects adapt to a perturbation, and how fast they readapt upon reexposure to ...
Connecting cortex to machines: recent advances in brain interfaces
Connecting cortex to machines: recent advances in brain interfaces

... indicate the potential to return meaningful information to the cortex by using local electrical microstimulation within the cortex. For example, microstimulation of the somatic sensory cortex can substitute for skin vibration in a perceptual task requiring frequency discrimination based on either sk ...
Document
Document

... connections between the cortex and the medial temporal region and amygdala mediate emotional behavior. Abnormalities in the development of the cerebral cortex and associated structures have been suggested to occur in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism and obsessive c ...
Neurophysiological foundations of sleep, arousal, awareness and
Neurophysiological foundations of sleep, arousal, awareness and

... The state of arousal of the cerebral cortex is affected by two main neuroanatomical areas: the ascending reticular system, which is in the pons, and the cognitive system, located in the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei. These two regions communicate via the diencephalon, where ascending signal ...
0474 ch 10(200-221).
0474 ch 10(200-221).

... cerebral hemispheres is gray matter that makes up the cerebral cortex (see Fig. 10-3). This thin layer of gray matter (2–4 mm thick) is the most highly evolved portion of the brain and is responsible for conscious thought, reasoning, and abstract mental functions. Specific functions are localized in ...
Mader/Biology, 11/e – Chapter Outline
Mader/Biology, 11/e – Chapter Outline

... c. As each impulse passes, the membrane undergoes a short refractory period before it can open the sodium gates again; this ensures a one-way direction to the impulse. Transmission Across a Synapse 1. The minute space between the axon bulb and the cell body of the next neuron is the synapse. 2. A sy ...
The Nervous System
The Nervous System

... Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or Stroke • Result from a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain • Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies • Loss of some functions or death may result • Hemiplegia–One-sided paralysis • Aphasis–Damage to speech center in left hemis ...
Nervous System - Discovery Education
Nervous System - Discovery Education

Biology 3.5 Responding to Stimuli
Biology 3.5 Responding to Stimuli

... In people with Parkinson’s disease it is found that the brain has reduces the normal amount of dopamine that it makes. The lack of dopamine neurotransmitter causes signalling problems in the body – some messages can’t be carried properly ...
Famous Russian brains: historical attempts to understand intelligence
Famous Russian brains: historical attempts to understand intelligence

... Russian–Turkish War of 1877–78], Zernov reported finding no extraordinary features in the convolutions (Zernov, 1887). There were reports on the brain of the Russian novelist, Ivan Turgenev (1818–83), the weight of which reached an incredible 2021 g, and of the mathematician, Sofia Kovalevskaya [Sof ...
Spatial learning in the Morris water maze in mice genetically
Spatial learning in the Morris water maze in mice genetically

...  The transfer of the CBA allele of the main gene of catalepsy to the genome of catalepsy-resistant AKR strain reduced acquisition in the Morris water maze and elevated Il-6 mRNA levels in the cortex and hippocampus in catalepsy-prone D13 mice.  An acute ivc administration of BDNF restored the redu ...
Mental Disorders
Mental Disorders

... • If neurons become clogged with protein deposits, they are unable to transmit impulses. • The result is confusion, loss of memory, and gradual mental deterioration. • Currently, the cause of Alzheimer’s disease is unknown. ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
Sample pages 1 PDF

Glossary of medical and scientific terms
Glossary of medical and scientific terms

... the consumption of BSE material in cat food. Gene A unit of genetic material, composed of DNA that forms part of chromosomes and which is responsible for the manufacture of protein. Each protein has an important role to play in the structure and function of the body. Hence the genetic make-up (or ge ...
c. Hippocampus - (www.ramsey.k12.nj.us).
c. Hippocampus - (www.ramsey.k12.nj.us).

... The central sulcus divides which two lobes of the cerebrum? a. Frontal and parietal b. Parietal and occipital c. Parietal and temporal d. Temporal and occipital BACK TO GAME ...
Powerpoint Slides
Powerpoint Slides

... Epileptic seizure ...
Optogenetics: Molecular and Optical Tools for Controlling Life with
Optogenetics: Molecular and Optical Tools for Controlling Life with

... from green algae. When expressed in neurons, they localize to the cell membrane, and when illuminated, they open up a channel that lets in positive charge (chiefly sodium ions and protons, but also potassium and calcium), thus depolarizing the cell [2]. The first one to be used in neurons was channe ...
DIENCEPHALON
DIENCEPHALON

... • important for regulation of basic functions and linkage of basic functions to more complex functions such as movement ...
Cognitive Training Enhances Intrinsic Brain Connectivity in Childhood
Cognitive Training Enhances Intrinsic Brain Connectivity in Childhood

... temporally concatenated down-sampled envelope data to explore functional connectivity. We used an independent canonical set of resting state networks (RSNs) taken from a recent functional connectivity (fc)-fMRI study (Smith et al., 2012) as a basis for the analysis and looked for changes specificall ...
Tail Region of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex and Its Relation to
Tail Region of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex and Its Relation to

... two modalities—pain and touch—under two states: anesthetized and conscious. No significant difference was found between the size of the tail area when tactile and noxious stimulations were used. However, the number of tail responsive channels showed a significant increase when the rat was awake and be ...
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Aging brain

Age is a major risk factor for most common neurodegenerative diseases, including Mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease and Lou Gehrig's disease. While much research has focused on diseases of aging, there are few informative studies on the molecular biology of the aging brain (usually spelled ageing brain in British English) in the absence of neurodegenerative disease or the neuropsychological profile of healthy older adults. However, research does suggest that the aging process is associated with several structural, chemical, and functional changes in the brain as well as a host of neurocognitive changes. Recent reports in model organisms suggest that as organisms age, there are distinct changes in the expression of genes at the single neuron level. This page is devoted to reviewing the changes associated with healthy aging.
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