Cerebellar control of visceral responses–possible mechanisms
... exert a uniformly inhibitory influence on the cerebellar and vestibular nuclei, which together give rise to the only efferent pathways from the cerebellum. The finding that widespread vegetative effects can be elicited from the fastigial nucleus can be taken as evidence for an involvement of the cor ...
... exert a uniformly inhibitory influence on the cerebellar and vestibular nuclei, which together give rise to the only efferent pathways from the cerebellum. The finding that widespread vegetative effects can be elicited from the fastigial nucleus can be taken as evidence for an involvement of the cor ...
Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive - lsr
... ent opinions on the definition (106), the basal ganglia, as a functional entity, are composed of the caudate nucleus (CD) and putamen (PUT) (collectively called striatum), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus (STN).1 The globus pallidus is further divided into the external segm ...
... ent opinions on the definition (106), the basal ganglia, as a functional entity, are composed of the caudate nucleus (CD) and putamen (PUT) (collectively called striatum), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus (STN).1 The globus pallidus is further divided into the external segm ...
Seven principles in the regulation of adult neurogenesis
... and very few at old age, we have concluded that adult neurogenesis decreases with age and that age itself would be a potent, if not the most potent, negative regulator of adult neurogenesis (Kuhn et al., 1996; Kempermann et al., 1998; Ben Abdallah et al., 2010). It even seems that the ‘age-dependent ...
... and very few at old age, we have concluded that adult neurogenesis decreases with age and that age itself would be a potent, if not the most potent, negative regulator of adult neurogenesis (Kuhn et al., 1996; Kempermann et al., 1998; Ben Abdallah et al., 2010). It even seems that the ‘age-dependent ...
Timing in reward and decision processes
... discounting in close relationship to behavioural discounting. Cue responses in striatal neurons decrease with increasing delays to reward in parallel with decreasing preferences measured in binary behavioural choices [29]. Whereas the decreasing responses in caudate neurons reflect the differences i ...
... discounting in close relationship to behavioural discounting. Cue responses in striatal neurons decrease with increasing delays to reward in parallel with decreasing preferences measured in binary behavioural choices [29]. Whereas the decreasing responses in caudate neurons reflect the differences i ...
NUCLEI-SPECIFIC RESPONSE TO PAIN IN THE BED NUCLEUS OF THE By
... Lesions to the ACC also impair the learning of pain-induced conditioned place aversion, but it does not block the expression of aversive behavior (Johansen, 2004); another example of how the affective system and the sensory systems are separate when creating the overall experience of pain. The amygd ...
... Lesions to the ACC also impair the learning of pain-induced conditioned place aversion, but it does not block the expression of aversive behavior (Johansen, 2004); another example of how the affective system and the sensory systems are separate when creating the overall experience of pain. The amygd ...
How do you feel -- now? The anterior insula and
... however, if the AIC/IFG and the ACC are regarded as complementary limbic sensory and motor regions, respectively (see Box 1), then this response profile would also be consistent with the interpretation that target awareness is engendered in the AIC/IFG and control of directed effort in the ACC. In ...
... however, if the AIC/IFG and the ACC are regarded as complementary limbic sensory and motor regions, respectively (see Box 1), then this response profile would also be consistent with the interpretation that target awareness is engendered in the AIC/IFG and control of directed effort in the ACC. In ...
Cortisol modifies extinction learning of recently acquired fear in men
... The CS was never paired with the UCS, the UCS omission 7.9 s after CS onset was defined as non-UCS. No electrical stimulation was given during the extinction phase. Between the CS, a black screen was shown lasting between 9.5 and 12 s (randomly jittered inter-trial interval). For both sessions, a ...
... The CS was never paired with the UCS, the UCS omission 7.9 s after CS onset was defined as non-UCS. No electrical stimulation was given during the extinction phase. Between the CS, a black screen was shown lasting between 9.5 and 12 s (randomly jittered inter-trial interval). For both sessions, a ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... architectonic criteria that form the basis of classic architectonic studies, namely, density of neurons and glia, as well as some neurochemical markers for calcium binding proteins, which label distinct classes of cortical neurons and have proved valuable in architectonic studies [e.g. (Jones et al. ...
... architectonic criteria that form the basis of classic architectonic studies, namely, density of neurons and glia, as well as some neurochemical markers for calcium binding proteins, which label distinct classes of cortical neurons and have proved valuable in architectonic studies [e.g. (Jones et al. ...
Neurocognitive development in socioeconomic context: Multiple
... less specialization in the left inferior frontal gyrus during a phonological awareness task (Raizada et al., 2008). The effects of childhood SES may carry over into adulthood, as shown in one study that found that, in response to syntactic violations, adults who grew up in lower SES environments exh ...
... less specialization in the left inferior frontal gyrus during a phonological awareness task (Raizada et al., 2008). The effects of childhood SES may carry over into adulthood, as shown in one study that found that, in response to syntactic violations, adults who grew up in lower SES environments exh ...
Nucleus Accumbensμ-Opioids Regulate Intake of a High
... wire stylets were placed in the guide cannulas to prevent occlusion. Coordinates for the aimed sites were as follows (in mm from bregma): nucleus accumbens (ACC): anteroposterior (AP) 1.4, mediolateral (ML) ⫾1.8, dorsoventral (DV) ⫺7.8; lateral hypothalamus (LH): AP ⫺2.8, ML ⫾1.8, DV ⫺8.7; dorsomedi ...
... wire stylets were placed in the guide cannulas to prevent occlusion. Coordinates for the aimed sites were as follows (in mm from bregma): nucleus accumbens (ACC): anteroposterior (AP) 1.4, mediolateral (ML) ⫾1.8, dorsoventral (DV) ⫺7.8; lateral hypothalamus (LH): AP ⫺2.8, ML ⫾1.8, DV ⫺8.7; dorsomedi ...
cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses
... effects of VGP include effects on verbal memory, some types of attention, sleep, learning and knowledge.2–4 Furthermore, in imaging studies, VGP was shown to cause substantial dopamine release in the dopaminergic system5 as well as addiction.6 Previous cross-sectional studies have revealed that chil ...
... effects of VGP include effects on verbal memory, some types of attention, sleep, learning and knowledge.2–4 Furthermore, in imaging studies, VGP was shown to cause substantial dopamine release in the dopaminergic system5 as well as addiction.6 Previous cross-sectional studies have revealed that chil ...
Supplementary Information (doc 1146K)
... where UTU = Inxn and VTV = Ipxp (i.e. U and V are orthogonal). The columns of U are the left singular vectors (eigenvariates, or summary time courses of the region), S (the same dimensions as A) has singular values, arranged in descending order, that are proportional to total variance of data matrix ...
... where UTU = Inxn and VTV = Ipxp (i.e. U and V are orthogonal). The columns of U are the left singular vectors (eigenvariates, or summary time courses of the region), S (the same dimensions as A) has singular values, arranged in descending order, that are proportional to total variance of data matrix ...
Cliff - USD Biology
... Tonic change to DA levels Covering a broad population of NAC neurons Modulate incoming presynaptic signals Therefore modulate the actions of D1, D2, and D3 receptors ...
... Tonic change to DA levels Covering a broad population of NAC neurons Modulate incoming presynaptic signals Therefore modulate the actions of D1, D2, and D3 receptors ...
Bissonette Gregory B, Gentry Ronny N, Padmala Srikanth, Pessoa L
... In primates, unexpected delivery of appetitive and aversive (airpuff) outcomes during performance of a trace conditioning task with reversals caused amygdala neurons to fire more strongly than when the outcome was totally predictable (Belova et al., 2007). Additionally, it appears that the same popu ...
... In primates, unexpected delivery of appetitive and aversive (airpuff) outcomes during performance of a trace conditioning task with reversals caused amygdala neurons to fire more strongly than when the outcome was totally predictable (Belova et al., 2007). Additionally, it appears that the same popu ...
Basal Ganglia: Internal Organization
... (see below). The corticostriatal and thalamostriatal projections are highly topographically organized and impart functionality onto the striatum and, consequently, other divisions of the basal ganglia. The main synaptic targets of the cortical and thalamic inputs to the basal ganglia are the medium- ...
... (see below). The corticostriatal and thalamostriatal projections are highly topographically organized and impart functionality onto the striatum and, consequently, other divisions of the basal ganglia. The main synaptic targets of the cortical and thalamic inputs to the basal ganglia are the medium- ...
The ventral striatum - Brain imaging of Parkinson`s disease
... stimulus–response or context–habit associations via procedural or instrumental learning. Finally, others regard ventral striatum as being a structure primarily implicated in the determination of the goal of an action; the “thing” that we want to obtain (food, water, sex, or “positive emotion”) or to ...
... stimulus–response or context–habit associations via procedural or instrumental learning. Finally, others regard ventral striatum as being a structure primarily implicated in the determination of the goal of an action; the “thing” that we want to obtain (food, water, sex, or “positive emotion”) or to ...
Cortisol modifies extinction learning of recently acquired fear in men
... The CS was never paired with the UCS, the UCS omission 7.9 s after CS onset was defined as non-UCS. No electrical stimulation was given during the extinction phase. Between the CS, a black screen was shown lasting between 9.5 and 12 s (randomly jittered inter-trial interval). For both sessions, a ...
... The CS was never paired with the UCS, the UCS omission 7.9 s after CS onset was defined as non-UCS. No electrical stimulation was given during the extinction phase. Between the CS, a black screen was shown lasting between 9.5 and 12 s (randomly jittered inter-trial interval). For both sessions, a ...
Reward-Related Responses in the Human Striatum
... dorsal striatum, predominantly the head of the caudate nucleus.36 This was a slightly surprising finding—in contrast with research in animals, which often highlights the role of the ventral striatum (chiefly the nucleus accumbens) in reward processes—raising a question about the role of the human do ...
... dorsal striatum, predominantly the head of the caudate nucleus.36 This was a slightly surprising finding—in contrast with research in animals, which often highlights the role of the ventral striatum (chiefly the nucleus accumbens) in reward processes—raising a question about the role of the human do ...
Depression of Acetylcholinesterase Synthesis Following Transient
... Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, EC 2 3 16) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3 1 1 7 ) involved in the synthesis and degradation of acetylcholine (ACh) play an essential role in the process of cholinergic transmission Cholinergic cells m the brain and spinal cord have been demonstrated immunohisto ...
... Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, EC 2 3 16) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3 1 1 7 ) involved in the synthesis and degradation of acetylcholine (ACh) play an essential role in the process of cholinergic transmission Cholinergic cells m the brain and spinal cord have been demonstrated immunohisto ...
Developmental structure in brain evolution
... of multiple regressions on allometric data for 131 mammalian species, however, suggests that for 9 of 11 brain structures taxonomic and body size factors are less important than covariance of these major structures with each other. Which structure grows biggest is largely predicted by a conserved or ...
... of multiple regressions on allometric data for 131 mammalian species, however, suggests that for 9 of 11 brain structures taxonomic and body size factors are less important than covariance of these major structures with each other. Which structure grows biggest is largely predicted by a conserved or ...
Chapter 2: Biological Bases of Behavior MULTIPLE CHOICE 1
... 14. According to the theory of evolution: a. different species arose from different ancestors b. humans belong to their own, unique family tree c. present day humans descended from a creature related to apes d. humans and chimps share only 1% of their DNA ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: ...
... 14. According to the theory of evolution: a. different species arose from different ancestors b. humans belong to their own, unique family tree c. present day humans descended from a creature related to apes d. humans and chimps share only 1% of their DNA ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: ...
Introduction to Motivation and Emotion
... • As stimulation or arousal increases, performance increases, levels off, and then declines. • Trait anxiety: personality trait to perceive environment ...
... • As stimulation or arousal increases, performance increases, levels off, and then declines. • Trait anxiety: personality trait to perceive environment ...
Neural mechanisms of stimulus generalization in auditory fear
... Fear is a physiological trait with a strong weight on survival and adaptation. Great progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of fear learning, mainly using auditory fear conditioning (AFC). In this behavioral paradigm, an initial neutral tone (conditioned stimulus, CS) acquires aversive ...
... Fear is a physiological trait with a strong weight on survival and adaptation. Great progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of fear learning, mainly using auditory fear conditioning (AFC). In this behavioral paradigm, an initial neutral tone (conditioned stimulus, CS) acquires aversive ...
Limbic system
The limbic system (or paleomammalian brain) is a complex set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, right under the cerebrum. It is not a separate system but a collection of structures from the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. It includes the olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, columns of fornix, mammillary body, septum pellucidum, habenular commissure, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, limbic cortex, and limbic midbrain areas.The limbic system supports a variety of functions including epinephrine flow, emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories.Although the term only originated in the 1940s, some neuroscientists, including Joseph LeDoux, have suggested that the concept of a functionally unified limbic system should be abandoned as obsolete because it is grounded mainly in historical concepts of brain anatomy that are no longer accepted as accurate.