Distinct representations of olfactory information in different cortical
... Mitral and tufted cell axons extend to the piriform cortex via the LOT. We observe that axonal branches exit the LOT at right angles and extend upward to densely and diffusely project to the piriform cortex along the entire anteroposterior axis (Fig. 3a–c), with no apparent spatial preference in any ...
... Mitral and tufted cell axons extend to the piriform cortex via the LOT. We observe that axonal branches exit the LOT at right angles and extend upward to densely and diffusely project to the piriform cortex along the entire anteroposterior axis (Fig. 3a–c), with no apparent spatial preference in any ...
Neuroimaging findings in post-traumatic stress disorder Systematic
... subjects with PTSD was carried out. Studies were identified using general medical and specific traumatic stress databases and paper searches of current contents and other secondary sources. Results The most replicated structural finding is hippocampal volume reduction, which may limitthe proper eval ...
... subjects with PTSD was carried out. Studies were identified using general medical and specific traumatic stress databases and paper searches of current contents and other secondary sources. Results The most replicated structural finding is hippocampal volume reduction, which may limitthe proper eval ...
Gender Differences in Human Brain: A Review
... grams more of brain tissue. Women have a more developed neuropil, or the space between cell bodies, which contains synapses, dendrites and axons. This may explain why women are more prone to dementia (such as Alzheimer's disease) than men, because although both may lose the same number of neurons du ...
... grams more of brain tissue. Women have a more developed neuropil, or the space between cell bodies, which contains synapses, dendrites and axons. This may explain why women are more prone to dementia (such as Alzheimer's disease) than men, because although both may lose the same number of neurons du ...
Cholinergic modulation of cognitive processing: insights drawn from computational models Kishan Gupta
... scope of this review (for a related review, see Fadel, 2011), it is worth highlighting that the anatomical regions from which these projections originate are frequently attributed with functions relevant to the regulation of the quality of information processing in the brain. Cholinergic receptor su ...
... scope of this review (for a related review, see Fadel, 2011), it is worth highlighting that the anatomical regions from which these projections originate are frequently attributed with functions relevant to the regulation of the quality of information processing in the brain. Cholinergic receptor su ...
How humans distinguish between smells
... a duplication of many of the types of receptor proteins. In other words, there are thousands of each of the 350 types of receptor proteins found within the human nose. If the system worked like a lock and key, where only one receptor protein fit with a specific odorant molecule, we would only be abl ...
... a duplication of many of the types of receptor proteins. In other words, there are thousands of each of the 350 types of receptor proteins found within the human nose. If the system worked like a lock and key, where only one receptor protein fit with a specific odorant molecule, we would only be abl ...
PDF
... However, the brain pays more attention to some stimuli—such as those that signal rewards or warn of potential threats—than to others. These stimuli receive extra attention because they activate a structure deep within the brain called the amygdala. The amygdala, which is named after the Greek word f ...
... However, the brain pays more attention to some stimuli—such as those that signal rewards or warn of potential threats—than to others. These stimuli receive extra attention because they activate a structure deep within the brain called the amygdala. The amygdala, which is named after the Greek word f ...
Role of Active Movement in Place-Specific Firing of Hippocampal
... with the body suspended in a hammock with legs dangling freely. Hippocampal neurons showed spatially selective firing patterns, although they were broadly tuned (Gavrilov et al., 1998). This study did not compare active versus passive navigation, thus it is difficult to determine whether hippocampal n ...
... with the body suspended in a hammock with legs dangling freely. Hippocampal neurons showed spatially selective firing patterns, although they were broadly tuned (Gavrilov et al., 1998). This study did not compare active versus passive navigation, thus it is difficult to determine whether hippocampal n ...
Evolution of the Pallium in Birds and Reptiles
... expression studies indicate that crocodiles like birds have a mesopallium [11], but that in both the mesopallium may consists of dorsal and ventral parts above and below the ventricle, as described further below. Differences certainly exist between birds and some reptiles. For example, snakes and li ...
... expression studies indicate that crocodiles like birds have a mesopallium [11], but that in both the mesopallium may consists of dorsal and ventral parts above and below the ventricle, as described further below. Differences certainly exist between birds and some reptiles. For example, snakes and li ...
Chapter 13 Stress and Glucocorticoid Contributions to Normal and
... whereas middle levels facilitate these measures, giving a characteristic “invertedU” shaped doseresponse curve (see [56] for a review). Stressors given immediately prior to assessment of learning and memory may similarly impair [57, 58] or facilitate [59] memory. The effects of repeated stress or ...
... whereas middle levels facilitate these measures, giving a characteristic “invertedU” shaped doseresponse curve (see [56] for a review). Stressors given immediately prior to assessment of learning and memory may similarly impair [57, 58] or facilitate [59] memory. The effects of repeated stress or ...
Altered Fronto-Striatal and Fronto-Cerebellar Circuits in Heroin
... drug-related cue induced change of regional cerebral blood flow and its correlation with craving score. And then by functional connectivity analysis they identified the neuronal circuitry involved in opiate craving. Liu et al. [20] analyzed the functional connectivity intensity of brain region in re ...
... drug-related cue induced change of regional cerebral blood flow and its correlation with craving score. And then by functional connectivity analysis they identified the neuronal circuitry involved in opiate craving. Liu et al. [20] analyzed the functional connectivity intensity of brain region in re ...
Memory Extinction, Learning Anew, and Learning the New
... is unfamiliar, formation of long-term CTA memory depends on muscarinic and -adrenergic receptors, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and protein synthesis. We show that extinction of CTA memory is also dependent on protein synthesis and -adrenergic receptors in the IC, but independent of mus ...
... is unfamiliar, formation of long-term CTA memory depends on muscarinic and -adrenergic receptors, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and protein synthesis. We show that extinction of CTA memory is also dependent on protein synthesis and -adrenergic receptors in the IC, but independent of mus ...
Studying the topological organization of the cerebral blood flow
... generating and integrating information from multiple sources in real time (Bassett and Bullmore, 2006). The characterization of the global architecture of these cerebral networks is crucial to understand how functional brain states emerge from the underlying structural substrate, and how the system ...
... generating and integrating information from multiple sources in real time (Bassett and Bullmore, 2006). The characterization of the global architecture of these cerebral networks is crucial to understand how functional brain states emerge from the underlying structural substrate, and how the system ...
The Neural Architecture Underlying Habit Learning: An Evolving
... neocortex was related to its anatomical architecture, and that the representations of the world were somehow built up step by step by groupings of neurons, in cortical columns and microcircuits (Mountcastle, 1957; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). This all had a big influence on me. I was being trained to us ...
... neocortex was related to its anatomical architecture, and that the representations of the world were somehow built up step by step by groupings of neurons, in cortical columns and microcircuits (Mountcastle, 1957; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). This all had a big influence on me. I was being trained to us ...
Habit formation
... the activity accentuates the boundaries of the maze runs. The majority of task-responsive neurons exhibit a burst of firing activity as the run is initiated, or as the run is completed, or both, resulting in an ensemble representation of both the beginning and end of the run. Often there is an addit ...
... the activity accentuates the boundaries of the maze runs. The majority of task-responsive neurons exhibit a burst of firing activity as the run is initiated, or as the run is completed, or both, resulting in an ensemble representation of both the beginning and end of the run. Often there is an addit ...
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
... eulaminate 1). The caudally adjacent areas, including areas 13, OPro and orbital area 25, are dysgranular in type, characterized by the presence of a thin and incipient granular layer 4 (Fig. 1B). The most caudally located orbitofrontal cortex lacks a granular layer 4, and is thus agranular in type ...
... eulaminate 1). The caudally adjacent areas, including areas 13, OPro and orbital area 25, are dysgranular in type, characterized by the presence of a thin and incipient granular layer 4 (Fig. 1B). The most caudally located orbitofrontal cortex lacks a granular layer 4, and is thus agranular in type ...
Chapter 14:The Brain and Cranial Nerves
... • The human brain is complex • Brain function is associated with life • This chapter is a study of brain and cranial nerves directly connected to it • Will provide insight into brain circuitry and function ...
... • The human brain is complex • Brain function is associated with life • This chapter is a study of brain and cranial nerves directly connected to it • Will provide insight into brain circuitry and function ...
Changing Fear: The Neurocircuitry of Emotion Regulation
... Although the amygdala seems to be critical for the acquisition of extinction learning, convergent evidence suggests that the vmPFC is necessary for the retention and recall of extinction. In line with the well-documented observation in human beings and primates that damage to the PFC leads to persev ...
... Although the amygdala seems to be critical for the acquisition of extinction learning, convergent evidence suggests that the vmPFC is necessary for the retention and recall of extinction. In line with the well-documented observation in human beings and primates that damage to the PFC leads to persev ...
Chapter 6 — Gross Anatomy of the Brain
... introduced in this chapter are discussed in further detail in specific chapters in this textbook. Much of this terminology should be memorized so that when, in later chapters, functional connections among regions of the brain are discussed the student has a visual image of the location of the variou ...
... introduced in this chapter are discussed in further detail in specific chapters in this textbook. Much of this terminology should be memorized so that when, in later chapters, functional connections among regions of the brain are discussed the student has a visual image of the location of the variou ...
Cellular Mechanisms in the Amygdala Involved in Memory
... The most detailed behavioral studies from bilateral lesion of the primate temporal lobe suggest that the temporal lobe including amygadala is involved in processing emotion (Klüver & Bucy, 1937). In this study, monkeys with bilateral temporal lobe lesions tried to eat inedible objects, to copulate w ...
... The most detailed behavioral studies from bilateral lesion of the primate temporal lobe suggest that the temporal lobe including amygadala is involved in processing emotion (Klüver & Bucy, 1937). In this study, monkeys with bilateral temporal lobe lesions tried to eat inedible objects, to copulate w ...
Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education
... neurons in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system); Schwann cells produce myelin for the neurons of the body (the peripheral nervous system). Myelin wraps around the shaft of the axons, forming an insulating and protective sheath. Bundles of myelin-coated axons travel together as “cab ...
... neurons in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system); Schwann cells produce myelin for the neurons of the body (the peripheral nervous system). Myelin wraps around the shaft of the axons, forming an insulating and protective sheath. Bundles of myelin-coated axons travel together as “cab ...
Neural Basis of Psychological Growth following Adverse
... correlates of PTG. We expected that accurate quantitative network prediction of PTG would be informed by functional alterations within a highly distributed network of regions that includes the prefrontal cortices, amygdala, and hippocampus. However, it may be difficult to measure a person’s psycholo ...
... correlates of PTG. We expected that accurate quantitative network prediction of PTG would be informed by functional alterations within a highly distributed network of regions that includes the prefrontal cortices, amygdala, and hippocampus. However, it may be difficult to measure a person’s psycholo ...
Hippocampal contributions to language
... Figure 3. Memory ratings for condition 1, multiple tellings..............................................91! Figure 4. Internal to overall ratio across multiple tellings for hippocampal amnesics and healthy comparison participants...................................................................... ...
... Figure 3. Memory ratings for condition 1, multiple tellings..............................................91! Figure 4. Internal to overall ratio across multiple tellings for hippocampal amnesics and healthy comparison participants...................................................................... ...
Limbic system
The limbic system (or paleomammalian brain) is a complex set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, right under the cerebrum. It is not a separate system but a collection of structures from the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. It includes the olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, columns of fornix, mammillary body, septum pellucidum, habenular commissure, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, limbic cortex, and limbic midbrain areas.The limbic system supports a variety of functions including epinephrine flow, emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories.Although the term only originated in the 1940s, some neuroscientists, including Joseph LeDoux, have suggested that the concept of a functionally unified limbic system should be abandoned as obsolete because it is grounded mainly in historical concepts of brain anatomy that are no longer accepted as accurate.