microbial genetics
... Well before Jacob and Monod initiated their work, it was known that the enzyme βgalactosidase which could cleave lactose into glucose and galactose was only available in the cell in presence of its substrate (i.e. lactose). Scientists conceptualized that activation of βgalactosidase in the presence ...
... Well before Jacob and Monod initiated their work, it was known that the enzyme βgalactosidase which could cleave lactose into glucose and galactose was only available in the cell in presence of its substrate (i.e. lactose). Scientists conceptualized that activation of βgalactosidase in the presence ...
Chromatin organization and global regulation of Hox gene clusters
... times in the course of vertebrate evolution, along with the emergence of structures displaying some kind of axial specification, such as the gut or the appendages. In such cases, specific Hox gene clusters were recruited, usually via the evolution of global regulation involving remote control elemen ...
... times in the course of vertebrate evolution, along with the emergence of structures displaying some kind of axial specification, such as the gut or the appendages. In such cases, specific Hox gene clusters were recruited, usually via the evolution of global regulation involving remote control elemen ...
Statistical mechanics for a network of real neurons
... For larger networks, we can check connected higher order (e.g. 3-cell) correlations. N=100, matching pairwise correlations N=100, matching pairwise + P(M) ...
... For larger networks, we can check connected higher order (e.g. 3-cell) correlations. N=100, matching pairwise correlations N=100, matching pairwise + P(M) ...
A period Final Exam Review
... This hypothesis led to the theory of evolution, also known as natural selection1.animals struggle for existence 2. fit animals survive 3. organisms descend with modifications ...
... This hypothesis led to the theory of evolution, also known as natural selection1.animals struggle for existence 2. fit animals survive 3. organisms descend with modifications ...
Follow The Scientist
... a trigger appears, and then the tissue produces the protein. The compound being patented targets receptors inside the cell so the COX-2 gene will not be induced to produce protein. This approach has proven successful when tested in transfected cells and in small animal models. In a way, it is a swit ...
... a trigger appears, and then the tissue produces the protein. The compound being patented targets receptors inside the cell so the COX-2 gene will not be induced to produce protein. This approach has proven successful when tested in transfected cells and in small animal models. In a way, it is a swit ...
Rewiring the retinal ganglion cell gene regulatory
... Math3 (Neurod4 – Mouse Genome Informatics) and Neurod1 are expressed in the developing retina at overlapping times but in largely distinct, interspersed RPC subpopulations (Vetter and Brown, 2001; Akagi et al., 2004; Hatakeyama and Kageyama, 2004; Le et al., 2006; Ohsawa and Kageyama, 2008; Trimarch ...
... Math3 (Neurod4 – Mouse Genome Informatics) and Neurod1 are expressed in the developing retina at overlapping times but in largely distinct, interspersed RPC subpopulations (Vetter and Brown, 2001; Akagi et al., 2004; Hatakeyama and Kageyama, 2004; Le et al., 2006; Ohsawa and Kageyama, 2008; Trimarch ...
Section 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
... Match the roles with the molecules. Molecules may be used more than once. Roles Molecules 19. Master plan a. DNA 20. Goes to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm ...
... Match the roles with the molecules. Molecules may be used more than once. Roles Molecules 19. Master plan a. DNA 20. Goes to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm ...
Gene therapy
... Intron – the region on a gene that is transcribed into an mRNA molecule but not expressed in a protein Exon – the region of a gene that directly codes for a protein; it is the region of the gene that is expressed Transcription factors – molecules that work to either turn on or off the transcription ...
... Intron – the region on a gene that is transcribed into an mRNA molecule but not expressed in a protein Exon – the region of a gene that directly codes for a protein; it is the region of the gene that is expressed Transcription factors – molecules that work to either turn on or off the transcription ...
Chapter 4: Modification of Mendelian Ratios
... While alleles are transmitted from parent to offspring according to Mendelian principles, they sometimes fail to display the clear-cut dominant-recessive relationship observed by Mendel. ...
... While alleles are transmitted from parent to offspring according to Mendelian principles, they sometimes fail to display the clear-cut dominant-recessive relationship observed by Mendel. ...
Revisiting the role of yeast Sfp1 in ribosome biogenesis and cell
... isogenic strain CEN.PK 111-32D sfp1D (MATa MAL2-8c SUC2 leu23,112 sfp1D : : KlLEU2) were used in this study. Cells were grown at 30 uC in 2 l chemostats (Applikon), with a working volume of 1.0 l. Cultures were fed with a defined mineral medium that limited growth by glucose or ethanol. The medium c ...
... isogenic strain CEN.PK 111-32D sfp1D (MATa MAL2-8c SUC2 leu23,112 sfp1D : : KlLEU2) were used in this study. Cells were grown at 30 uC in 2 l chemostats (Applikon), with a working volume of 1.0 l. Cultures were fed with a defined mineral medium that limited growth by glucose or ethanol. The medium c ...
Review Session One
... 14. Discuss reproduction in angiosperms (double fertilization, pollen tube, endosperm). Know the structure of a bean seed and discuss its germination to the seedling stage. Include hormonal controls and structural changes. ...
... 14. Discuss reproduction in angiosperms (double fertilization, pollen tube, endosperm). Know the structure of a bean seed and discuss its germination to the seedling stage. Include hormonal controls and structural changes. ...
Immortal Genes: Running in Place for Eons
... know the sequence of the other strand. It is the unique order of bases in a sequence of DNA (ACGTTCGATAA, etc.) that forms the unique instructions for building each protein. The most amazing fact about DNA is that all of life's diversity is generated through the permuta tions of just these four bas ...
... know the sequence of the other strand. It is the unique order of bases in a sequence of DNA (ACGTTCGATAA, etc.) that forms the unique instructions for building each protein. The most amazing fact about DNA is that all of life's diversity is generated through the permuta tions of just these four bas ...
A dsRNA Based Screen Identifies Novel Proteins Involved in
... B. Studying Hh Signaling in Drosophila Drosophila are ideal model organisms for studying the Hh signaling pathway. In Drosophila, the Hh signaling pathway is not only involved in segmentation, but also the patterning of adult appendages such as the wings and the nervous system. Most of the pathway c ...
... B. Studying Hh Signaling in Drosophila Drosophila are ideal model organisms for studying the Hh signaling pathway. In Drosophila, the Hh signaling pathway is not only involved in segmentation, but also the patterning of adult appendages such as the wings and the nervous system. Most of the pathway c ...
LIVER GENE EXPRESSION DURING THE TRANSITION DURING THE DRY PERIOD
... necessary for the synthesis of enzymes and proteins needed in biological processes by an organism is contained in RNA. The messenger RNA (mRNA) thus serves as the “go-between” that connects the information contained as DNA in the cell nucleus to production of enzymes or proteins to carry out that in ...
... necessary for the synthesis of enzymes and proteins needed in biological processes by an organism is contained in RNA. The messenger RNA (mRNA) thus serves as the “go-between” that connects the information contained as DNA in the cell nucleus to production of enzymes or proteins to carry out that in ...
RNA polymerase - Industrial ISD
... • In this process, the snRNA acts as a ribozyme, an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme. • Like pre-mRNA, other kinds of primary transcripts may also be spliced, but by diverse mechanisms that do not involve spliceosomes. • In a few cases, intron RNA can catalyze its own excision without prote ...
... • In this process, the snRNA acts as a ribozyme, an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme. • Like pre-mRNA, other kinds of primary transcripts may also be spliced, but by diverse mechanisms that do not involve spliceosomes. • In a few cases, intron RNA can catalyze its own excision without prote ...
Suppression mechanisms
... suppressors. Historically, suppressors have proven extremely valuable for determining the relationship between two gene products in vivo, even in the absence of cloning or sequence information. In this current era of whole genome sequencing projects, where the DNA sequence provides little or no clue ...
... suppressors. Historically, suppressors have proven extremely valuable for determining the relationship between two gene products in vivo, even in the absence of cloning or sequence information. In this current era of whole genome sequencing projects, where the DNA sequence provides little or no clue ...
Targeting the GAA-Repeat Region with Oligonucleotides for the
... this novel ncRNA, we have used locked nucleic acid “gapmer” oligonucleotides consisting of LNA ends and a central DNA stretch to degrade the putative ncRNA by an RNase H-mediated process. Targeting this ncRNA led to FXN mRNA and protein upregulation at therapeutically significant levels in FRDA pati ...
... this novel ncRNA, we have used locked nucleic acid “gapmer” oligonucleotides consisting of LNA ends and a central DNA stretch to degrade the putative ncRNA by an RNase H-mediated process. Targeting this ncRNA led to FXN mRNA and protein upregulation at therapeutically significant levels in FRDA pati ...
Basic Biology - NIU Department of Biological Sciences
... to dilute the water outside. The concentrated salt solution is hypertonic: has more particles in it than the inside of the cell. The cell shrinks away from the cell wall: the plant wilts. Normal body fluids are isotonic, having the same concentration of particles as the inside of the cell. The most ...
... to dilute the water outside. The concentrated salt solution is hypertonic: has more particles in it than the inside of the cell. The cell shrinks away from the cell wall: the plant wilts. Normal body fluids are isotonic, having the same concentration of particles as the inside of the cell. The most ...
How metabolites modulate metabolic flux
... transcriptional level that selects which genes are activated. Subsequently, alternative splicing, mRNA stability, translation, and protein degradation control enzyme abundances. Since all of these mechanisms are long-term regulations (hours to days), they are classified as ‘coarse’ regulations [2]. ...
... transcriptional level that selects which genes are activated. Subsequently, alternative splicing, mRNA stability, translation, and protein degradation control enzyme abundances. Since all of these mechanisms are long-term regulations (hours to days), they are classified as ‘coarse’ regulations [2]. ...
Protein degradation and regulation
... Ubiquitination is an important and widespread post-translational modification of proteins, which resembles phosphorylation. Very importantly, ubiquitination is not only a degradation signal, but also directs proteins to a variety of fates which include roles in ribosomal function, in DNA repair, in ...
... Ubiquitination is an important and widespread post-translational modification of proteins, which resembles phosphorylation. Very importantly, ubiquitination is not only a degradation signal, but also directs proteins to a variety of fates which include roles in ribosomal function, in DNA repair, in ...
Familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy: Detection of mutations
... and chronic renal failure. More than 50 families in various ethnic groups have been described since Duncan and Dixon first noted the disease in 1960 [1]. Affected family members show the impairment of urate excretion before puberty and usually develop hyperuricemia and gout after adolescence [2]. Re ...
... and chronic renal failure. More than 50 families in various ethnic groups have been described since Duncan and Dixon first noted the disease in 1960 [1]. Affected family members show the impairment of urate excretion before puberty and usually develop hyperuricemia and gout after adolescence [2]. Re ...
MolBioPrimer_2005-06
... The E. coli lac Operon of Jacob & The components of lactose metabolism are adjacent genes Monod governed by a single promoter (lacP): lacZ: beta-galactosidase (hydrolyzes lactose) lacY: lactose permease (permits lactose entry) lacA: thiogalactoside transacetylase lacI ...
... The E. coli lac Operon of Jacob & The components of lactose metabolism are adjacent genes Monod governed by a single promoter (lacP): lacZ: beta-galactosidase (hydrolyzes lactose) lacY: lactose permease (permits lactose entry) lacA: thiogalactoside transacetylase lacI ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.